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Networks and Grids Technology and Theory Solutions Manual By Thomas G. Robertazzi

A Tour through Networking and Grids

1. There is no need to dig trenches for cables (though tower construction must be taken into account). 2. Fiber optics has the largest information carrying capacity (easily into the Terabits per second).
3. The electronic bottleneck refers to the fact that with current fiber speeds nodal electronics is often slower than fiber speeds so that the information throughput bottleneck is in the nodes.
4. An advantage of geosynchronous satellites is that they are in one spot in the sky all the time so a fixed directional antenna on earth can be used. An advantage of Low Earth Orbit Satellites (LEOS) is that because of their much lower orbits than those of geosynchronous satellites, they have much smaller channel propagation delay.
5. The use of infrared light is technologically possible and systems have been built, but the use of infrared is not that popular.
6. Ad hoc transmission is usually over much smaller distances than satellite transmission (as small as tens of feet for ad hoc networks compared to hundreds or thousands of kilometers for satellite transmission).
7. Wireless sensor networks may be used for such applications as environmental monitoring, interconnecting engine components and connecting computer components (i.e. Bluetooth technology).
8. As a packet moves down a layered protocol stack (is transmitted) each layer may append information to the packet so that it is at its largest at the bottom of the stack (physical layer). At the receiver, as the packet moves up the stack, information may be extracted at each layer so the packet is at its smallest at the top (application) layer.
9. Packets carried on a virtual circuit arrive in the same order they were originally transmitted as they follow a single sequential path.
10. A communication between peer network layer entities moves down the stack at the transmitter to the physical layer, across the network to the destination and up the destination stack to the appropriate network layer entity.
11. One function of the data link layer is to manage communication over a single link between a pair of nodes. Also, encryption is sometimes done at the data link layer.
12. The network layer manages communication over a multiplicity of links and nodes whereas the data link manages communication over a single link between a pair of nodes. \
13. The transport layer is responsible for providing end to end communication over possibly unreliable sub-networks.
14. Thruput decreases in Ethernet under heavy loads because of the time wasted by collisions (in the CSMA versions of Ethernet).
15. With longer frames, as opposed to shorter frames, a bigger fraction of time is spent in useful transmission, as opposed to time spent in seizing the channel and collisions, so that utilization is higher.
16. A total of 3 × 3 = 9 symbols can be sent at once which is equivalent to 3 bits (23 = 8).
17. The use of unshielded twisted pair is a good thing because it is lightweight and relatively inexpensive.
18. If node A does not receive a Clear to Send message from node B it might try again to send a Request to Send or move to a different location and try again to send a RTS.
19. The use of a Clear to Send solves the hidden station problem in distributed wireless networks (some node over the radio horizon may try to transmit to node B at the same time as node A, causing a collision).
20. The amount of radio spectrum available for specific purposes is more limited than the equivalent bandwidth available on wired fiber.
21. If a network had to be constructed and taken down frequently, one would be better off using some combination of 802.11 WiFi and 802.15 Bluetooth technology as it is wireless, unlike standard Ethernet versions.
22. Using two 64 kps channels to carry 80 kps means that 128–80 or 48 kps of capacity is wasted.
23. In an ATM NNI connection 16 header bits are used for virtual channel identification (VCI) so that there are 216 or approximately 64 thousand virtual channels (per virtual path).
24. ATM assumes that data is transported over low error rate fiber optics so only the header is protected by error coding. If errors in the data field cannot be tolerated, then a higher level protocol can provide error coding.
25. The VPI and VCI fields in the ATM header, like the rest of the header, are protected by error coding which makes misrouting extremely rare.
26. The use of ATM technology leads to service class independent switches. If one needed different switches for each class of traffic one would have an intractable traffic prediction problem. Since it is almost impossible to accurately predict demand by service class into the future one might install too few or too many of each class of switch, leading to problems in either providing inadequate capacity or over-investing in network facilities.
27. One application where it is critical to deliver data quickly is the transmission of stock prices. Also real time applications such as voice or video require packets be delivered within certain time limits (bounds).
28. A contract for an ATM session is difficult to define because there are so many quality of service parameters that could be used. Thus there are many possible contracts with many possible pricing options.
29. A T1 line has a data rate of approximately 1.5 Mbps. A SONET OC-3 channel has a data rate of approximately 155Mbps.
30. Each byte entry in a SONET OC-1 frame has an equivalent data rate of 64 kbps. Thus to carry 1 Mbps one needs 1 Mbps/64 kbps or 16 entries of the 87 × 9 = 783 entries in the frame. Note that if the question is how many frames are needed to carry 1 Mbyte, not 1 Mbps, the answer is 1,000,000/783 or 1278 frames (neglecting path overhead).
31. A SONET add/drop multiplexer is a device that allows signals to be tapped off of and inserted onto a fiber.
32. In SONET protection fibers are backup fibers that can be brought into use if the service fibers that normally carry traffic do not function.
33. The line protocol layer in SONET is most similar to the data link layer in the OSI protocol stack. 34. More virtual paths are allowed on an ATM NNI link than a UNI link as the NNI link is like a trunk that is likely to carry much more traffic than a UNI network access link.
35. Transmitting in one byte of a SONET table has an effective data rate of 64 kbps. This is the standard data rate for an uncompressed digital telephone channel.
36. The approximate data rate of OC-3072 is 3072 times 51 Mbps (the OC-1 rate) or approximately 160 Gbps.
37. Each OC-192 channel has a data rate of approximately 10 Gbps so approximately 76 WDM OC-192 channels are needed to carry 760 Gbps.
38. The technology of WDM allows fiber already put in the ground (at great expense) to be upgraded through a simple replacement of transmitters and receivers to carry a much larger amount of traffic. 39. The basic idea behind grid computing is to allow a user to access a large distributed network of powerful computers and storage devices from anywhere on earth to carry out substantial computations of a scientific, economic or other nature. It is actually an old concept that predates the use of the word “grid”.
40. To partake in grid computing a computer installation needs to be more open to use to outside users and entities, something not that well tolerated under old policies.
41. In the past when the (computer) resource owner was the key person, operations were optimized for high throughput. Making the user the key person necessitates a new set of requirements.

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The Grid and the Village By Stephen Doheny-Farina

ger in my front yard. This book is another screen, another lens trained on those events.It tells stories about two villages separated by time,connected by proximity,and united by the challenges of maintaining a community under duress. 
          The story of one village presents an insider’s view of a natural disaster, describing the destruction of the electric grid in January 1998 and the emergence of a community that filled the resulting void.This story begins with moments in the lives of people in the village of Potsdam, New York people such as myself,my family,my neighbors,townspeople,local officials, and relief workers and expands to cover the breadth of the disaster. The book concludes with a timeline of events that traces the disaster from the storm’s origins in the Gulf of Mexico to the lethal flooding it caused as it moved slowly up the eastern seaboard to the icy devastation it brought to the Northeast. The story of the other village begins nearly two hundred years before the ice storm in a place called Louisville Landing, about twenty miles from Potsdam on the border between the United States and Canada.This narrative provides a glimpse of what it took to build the kind of grids that made this nation, the grids that connect us to one another. It is told through the experiences of some of the people who sacrificed the most to build them.

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THYRISTOR-BASED FACTS CONTROLLERS FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS By R. Mohan Mathur,Rajiv K. Varma

This chapter briefly discusses the growth of complex electrical power networks. It introduces the lack of controllability of the active- and reactive-power flows in energized networks. (These flows tend to diffuse in the network, depending primarily on the impedance of power lines.) This chapter also describes the conventional controlled systems, such as automatic governor control and excitation control employed at generating stations. Transformer tap-changer control is another control feature generally available in transmission networks. Arising from the transformer combinations and the use of on-load tap changers, phase-shifting transformers are realized, which are primarily used to mitigate circulating power on network tie-lines.
          This introduction and the recognition of limited controllability provide the basis for introducing the concept of the flexible ac transmission system (FACTS). Since newly developed FACTS devices rely on the advances made in semiconductor components and the resulting power-electronic devices, these, too, are introduced.
        This chapter also introduces the basic operating principles of new FACTS devices. (These principles are fully discussed in later chapters of this book.) Finally, the chapter presents a brief commentary on emerging deregulation, competition, and open access in power utilities. In that context, the value of FACTS devices for emerging transmission companies is identified.

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SCALAR WAVE TECHNOLOGY By Prof. Dr-lng. Konstantin Mey

The wireless transfer of energy as scalar wave radiation goes back on Nikola Tesla. From him originated the patent No. 649.621 on 15.5.1900: Apparatus for transmission of Electrical Energy. Unfortunately his equipment was extremely large and expensive, so that no copies had been provided and the ingenious technology could extract itself from the field of vision and the consciousness of the public. Many sceptics however are to be convinced only, if they have their own copy, at which they personally can make measurements and experiments. A new technology will only become public and can assert itself if it is carried beyond the scientific facilities and education centres into the public. 
        The lost believed technology is taken up again with the kit. By using a modern waveform generator in place of a spark gap generator, with an operating voltage of few volts in stead of 600 kilovolts a miniaturization of the device succeeded, at which all characteristics indicated by Tesla and still some more can be introduced and examined experimentally. Today, nearly 100 years later a scalar wave transmission device fits into a suitcase and is purchasable for everyone. 
       All assembly groups and component parts necessary for the experiments are included in delivery, as well as the aluminium suitcase, which is used as shielding cage. Thus a high degree of reproducibility is guaranteed. The demo kit is particularly suitable for nontechnicians to open them the possibility of a successful execution of the experiment. For technicians and hobbyists a more extensive experimentation kit is offered. It is particularly important for comparison purposes that everyone does work with the same generator, because the empiric reports will be published in an anthology, which should encourage other experimentators to reproduce some of them.

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Electrical Power Transmission By Louis Bell

THE art of electrical power transmission has changed but little in the past two years, since the fourth edition of this work went to press. There have been very many plants installed, few of them at all sensational in magnitude, voltage, or distance of transmission. The great bulk of such work is now rather commonplace. The upper limit of voltage has already risen to nearly 70,000 volts, and the next few years will assuredly see a very material increase over this figure. A few new pieces of apparatus have been recently brought into use, which have been noted in their appropriate places. Perhaps the most considerable impending changes are those in the resources of electric lighting which affect only those transmission systems which do their own distribution. These changes, however, bid fair to be on a very large scale and of very striking character within the next few years.

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Electric Power Engineering Handbook By Leonard L. Grigsby

This book presents a method of adapting the traditional probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) to the security analysis of a power system. The book proposes are liability model for a power system, where the possible failures of substation operations after grid faults are analysed and their impact on the power system dynamics and security is taken into account. The book presents the method in such a way that the reader is guided and equipped to build up a similar model. This reliability approach is suitable and applicable to real transmission grids, which can have hundreds of substations and lines. 
      In the reliability analysis of transmission systems, the basic phenomena and reliability problems are at the system level. The analysis of the local perspective, for example the outages of single components, is not adequate to capture the whole picture. So far, there have not been systematic methods that would combine local and system level issues in a similar way as this book presents. The method adapts the traditional probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) to the security analysis of a power system and includes the simulation of grid dynamics after grid faults and component failures in the modelling. This combination of different (traditional) tools enables a systematic security analysis where the connection of the failures ofsingle devices and the system level consequences, for example a system breakdown, is possible.

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ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, and DISTRIBUTION By Leonard L. Grigsby

The generation, delivery, and utilization of electric power and energy remain one of the most challenging and exciting fields of electrical engineering. The astounding technological developments of our age are highly dependent upon a safe, reliable, and economic supply of electric power. The objective of Electric Power Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition is to provide a contemporary overview of this farreaching field as well as to be a useful guide and educational resource for its study. It is intended to define electric power engineering by bringing together the core of knowledge from all of the many topics encompassed by the field. The chapters are written primarily for the electric power engineering professional who is seeking factual information, and secondarily for the professional from other engineering disciplines who wants an overview of the entire field or specific information on one aspect of it. 
          The handbook is published in five volumes. Each is organized into topical sections and chapters in an attempt to provide comprehensive coverage of the generation, transformation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric power and energy as well as the modeling, analysis, planning, design, monitoring, and control of electric power systems. The individual chapters are different from most technical publications. They are not journal-type chapters nor are they textbook in nature. They are intended to be tutorials or overviews providing ready access to needed information while at the same time providing sufficient references to more in-depth coverage of the topic. This work is a member of the Electrical Engineering Handbook Series published by CRC Press. Since its inception in 1993, this series has been dedicated to the concept that when readers refer to a handbook on a particular topic they should be able to find what they need to know about the subject most of the time. This has indeed been the goal of this handbook.
           This volume of the handbook is devoted to the subjects of electric power generation by both conventional and nonconventional methods, transmission systems, distribution systems, power utilization, and power quality. If your particular topic of interest is not included in this list, please refer to the list of companion volumes seen at the beginning of this book. 
           In reading the individual chapters of this handbook, I have been most favorably impressed by how well the authors have accomplished the goals that were set. Their contributions are, of course, most key to the success of the work. I gratefully acknowledge their outstanding efforts. Likewise, the expertise and dedication of the editorial board and section editors have been critical in making this handbook possible. To all of them I express my profound thanks. I also wish to thank the personnel at Taylor & Francis who have been involved in the production of this book, with a special word of thanks to Nora Konopka, Allison Shatkin, and Jessica Vakili. Their patience and perseverance have made this task most pleasant.

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Transmission System Security in Competitive Electricity Markets By International Energy Agency

Modern economies are becoming increasingly dependent on reliable and secure electricity services. The substantial supply disruptions that struck North America and Europe during 2003 clearly demonstrated the fundamental importance of transmission networks for the efficient and secure operation of electricity markets and highlighted their vulnerability to transmission network failures. While large blackouts are by no means a new phenomenon and have happened in the past before electricity reform, these disruptions created considerable public concern, with some claims that electricity reform had reduced electricity system reliability. Growing public sensitivity to supply disruptions reflects the increasing dependence of modern economies on reliable and efficient electricity supplies, and adds to the pressure on governments to effectively address reliability issues. 
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The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Electric Bulk Power Transmission and Control By Professor Philip M. Parker, Ph.D.

This study covers the world outlook for electric bulk power transmission and control across more than 200 countries. For each year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the country in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the country is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a country vis-à-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. 
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Renewable Electricity and the Grid By Godfrey Boyle

The variability of power output exhibited by many renewable electricity sources represents something of a challenge to maintaining secure supplies in the integrated electricity systems of industrialized countries – especially if, as widely anticipated, the contribution of renewables to national grids rises to very substantial levels. But is this a major – or even an insuperable – challenge, or one that is readily amenable to solution? This is the key question this book attempts to address. It also raises a host of other important issues. 

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Transmission Line Reference Book By General Electric Co

In 1968,the edison Electric Institute published the EHV Transmission Line Reference Book,a design handbook for the electric utilities of the United States.This book was based on the results of many year of research sponsored by General Electric and the utilities industry at what then was Project EHV in Pittsfield,Massachusetts.This research evolved around the design and development of EHV transmission from 345 KV to 735 KV,the latter being the exected ,maximum ac transmission voltage in North America for several years to come. 

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ELEOTEICAL ENEEGY ITS GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, AND UTILIZATION By Ernst Julius Berg

THIS book is compiled from a series of lectures intended to bridge the theoretical instructions given in the ordinary university education, and the practical problems confronted in commercial engineering. The sequence of the various phenomena discussed is not, therefore, so logical as would be the case if a book on electrical phenomena had been attempted. Jt is hoped, however, that the arrangement will prove of practical help. Since many of the questions pertaining to practical engineering cannot be answered by a strictly theoretical calculation, without going into too complex mathematics, some approximate equations have been given, sufficiently accurate for most practical purposes. 

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THE ELECTRIC MOTOR AND THE TRANSMISSION OF POER By Edwin James Houston

THERE is probably no subject, connected with the application of electricity, that has come into greater prominence during the last decade, than the electric transmission of power. The electric motor is now to be found everywhere driving machinery of all sizes. It permits a single, large, economical* engine to operate a number of small motors over a large area.

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Electric Capitalism Recolonising Afica on the power grid edited By Devid a Mcdonald

This Book is a product of the Municipal services Project, a multi-partner research,policy and educational initiative examining the restructuring of municipal services of decentralisation,privatisation,cost recovery and community participation on the delivery of basic services to the rural and urban poor, and how these reforms impact on public,industrial and mental heath.  

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Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering By Bayliss CEng

This book covers the major topics likely to be encountered by the transmission and distribution power systems engineer engaged upon international project works. Each chapter is self-contained and gives a useful practical introduction to each topic covered. The book is intended for graduate or technician level engineers and bridges the gap between learned university theoretical textbooks and detailed single topic references. It therefore provides a practical grounding in a wide range of transmission and distribution subjects. The aim of the book is to assist the project engineer in correctly specifying equipment and systems for his particular application. In this way manufacturers and contractors should receive clear and unambiguous transmission and distribution equipment or project enquiries for work and enable competitive and comparative tenders to be received. Of particular interest are the chapters on project, system and software management since these subjects are of increasing importance to power systems engineers. In particular the book should help the reader to understand the reasoning behind the different specifications and methods used by different electrical supply utilities and organizations throughout the world to achieve their specific transmission and distribution power system requirements. The second edition includes updates and corrections, together with the addition of two extra major chapters covering distribution planning and power system harmonics.

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Electric Power Generation Transmission And Efficiency By CLÉMENT M. LEFEBVRE EDITOR

This book presents new and important research on electric power and its generation, transmission and efficiency. The world is becoming increasingly electrified. For the foreseeable future, coal will continue to be the dominant fuel used for electric power production. The low cost and abundance of coal is one of the primary reasons for this. Electric power transmission, a process in the delivery of electricity to consumers, is the bulk transfer of electrical power. Typically, power transmission is between the power plant and a substation near a populated area. Electricity distribution is the delivery from the substation to the consumers. Due to the large amount of power involved, transmission normally takes place at high voltage (110 kV or above). Electricity is usually transmitted over long distance through overhead power transmission lines. Underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas due to its high cost of installation and maintenance, and because the high reactive power gain produces large charging currents and difficulties in voltage management. 

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Transient Signals on Transmission Lines By Andrew Peterson Gregory Durgin

The material that follows consists of lectures on the topic of transient signals on transmission lines. Emphasis has been placed on aspects of the subject that have application to signal integrity and high-speed digital circuit design issues, including proper termination schemes to avoid impedance discontinuities, reactive and nonlinear loads, and an introduction to crosstalk. This material has formed the first part of the core undergraduate electromagnetic fields course at the Georgia Institute of Technology since 1999. Since transmission line transients have been de-emphasized in most current textbooks, including those that have been used at Georgia Tech during this time, this material was prepared to supplement traditional texts. With the exception of the material on crosstalk, the authors typically cover each chapter that follows in one 50-minute class period.

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Troubleshooting & Repair Manual Gasoline and Electric OUTBOARDS

This manual was written to assist technicians and service personnel with the repair and maintenance procedures for Briggs & Stratton electric- and gasoline-powered outboards. It assumes that persons using this manual have been properly trained in and are familiar with the servicing procedures for these products, including the proper use of required tools and safety equipment and the application of appropriate safety practices. Persons untrained or unfamiliar with these procedures or products should not attempt to perform such work. 

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DISTRIBUTED NETWORK SYSTEMS From Concepts to Implementations By WEIJIA JIA,WANLEI ZHOU

Preface 
Both authors have taught the course of “Distributed Systems” for many years in the respective schools. During the teaching, we feel strongly that “Distributed systems” have evolved from traditional “LAN” based distributed systems towards “Internet based” systems. Although there exist many excellent textbooks on this topic, because of the fast development of distributed systems and network programming/protocols, we have difficulty in finding an appropriate textbook for the course of “distributed systems” with orientation to the requirement of the undergraduate level study for today’s distributed technology. Specifically, from upto-date concepts, algorithms, and models to implementations for both distributed system designs and application programming.

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Content Distribution Networks An Engineering Approach By Dinesh C. Verma

Preface 
The field of computer networking has seen a dramatic change in its nature over the last few decades. In the early 1970s, computer networks tended to be a relatively specialized field with only a few experts at select universities and within the computer industry. There were a few scattered computer networks, mainly owned by large corporations, and some experimental university networks. In the last decade of the twentieth century, computer networks have become much more ubiquitous, and the Internet has become a household word. There are many more networks today, and the older existing networks (e.g., the public Internet) are much larger and more complex. Although this increase in the size, number, and complexity of computer networks has enabled the deployment of many new applications, it has a downside as well. As networks become larger, more complex, and support more traffic, the performance of networked applications becomes more unpredictable and often unacceptable. Thus, a conscious effort needs to be made to improve the performance of networked applications, a term which can be loosely interpreted to include all applications consisting of two or more components communicating over a computer network. Thus, techniques that can improve the performance of a networked application need to be explored in more detail. This book is about such a technique: content distribution networks, also known as content delivery networks, intelligent Internet infrastructure, and enhanced surrogate services. A content distribution network employs many geographically distributed sites to improve the scalability and client response time of applications. Content distribution networks offer certain advantages over alternative approaches to managing performance of networked applications, and hold a lot of promise for improving their performance. This book explains the functioning of a content distribution network. It describes the components that make up a content distribution network, the different technologies that can be used within a content distribution network, and a description of some webbased applications that can be accelerated by using a content distribution network.

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DISTRIBUTED MULTIMEDIA RETRIEVAL STRATEGIES FOR LARGE SCALE NETWORKED SYSTEMS By Bharadwaj Veeravalli,Gerassimos Barlas

Preface 

Ueriving entertainment and availing a variety of multimedia services via home-computers/laptops or mobile devices, have become commonplace for Internet users in this modern era. Growing high-speed networking technology coupled with the development of ultra-speed multimedia high-end machines facilitates the notion of rendering such media services at attractive costs. Network based multimedia services attempt to render best effort services at cheaper prices. For instance, a video rental store allows users to rent video cassettes, CDs/DVDs at a fixed price. In contrast, a networked multimedia service (NMS) allows a user to surf through a range of collections and obtain the desired content, without having to satisfy timing, or physical location restrictions. Furthermore, a user need not even be confined to a specific location, but could be roaming with a mobile device. Modern Video/Movie-on-Demand (V/MoD) services even allow complete interactivity by supporting functionality that includes variable-speed playback, fast-forward/backward, etc. 

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ElECTRIC POWER distribution handbook By Thomas Allen Short

Preface In industrialized countries, distribution systems deliver electricity literally everywhere, taking power generated at many locations and delivering it to end users. Generation, transmission, and distribution — of these big three components of the electricity infrastructure, the distribution system gets the least attention. Yet, it is often the most critical component in terms of its effect on reliability and quality of service, cost of electricity, and aesthetic (mainly visual) impacts on society.
           Like much of the electric utility industry, several political, economic, and technical changes are pressuring the way distribution systems are built and operated. Deregulation has increased pressures on electric power utilities to cut costs and has focused emphasis on reliability and quality of electric service. The great fear of deregulation is that service will suffer because of cost cutting. Regulators and utility consumers are paying considerable attention to reliability and quality. Another change that is brewing is the introduction of distributed generation on the distribution system. Generators at the distribution level can cause problems (and have benefits if properly applied). Customers are pressing for lower costs, better reliability, and less visual impact from utility distribution systems.
           Deregulation and technical changes increase the need by utility engineers for better information. This book helps fill some of those needs in the area of electric distribution systems. The first few chapters of the book focus on equipment-oriented information and applications such as choosing transformer connections, sizing and placing capacitors, and setting regulators.
           The middle portion of this handbook contains many sections targeting reliability and power quality. The performance of the distribution system determines greater than 90% of the reliability of service to customers (the high-voltage transmission and generation system determines the rest). If performance is increased, it will have to be done on the distribution system.
           Near the end, we tackle lightning protection, grounding, and safety. Safety is a very important consideration in the design, operation, and maintenance of distribution facilities. The last chapter on distributed generation provides information to help utilities avoid problems caused by the introduction of distributed generation.
          I hope you find useful information in this book. If it is not in here, hopefully one of the many bibliographic references will lead you to what you are looking for. Please feel free to email me feedback on this book including errors, comments, opinions, or new sources of information. I would like to hear from you. Also, if you need my help with any interesting consulting or research opportunities, I would love to hear from you.

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Electric power Distribution System Engineering By Turan Gonen

Today,there are excellent textbooks dealing with topics in power systems.Some of them are considered to  be classics. However,they do not particularly address ,nor concentrate on , topics dealing with electric power distribution engineering .Presently,to the author's knowledge ,the only nook available in the electric power systems literature that is totally devoted to power distribution engineering is the one by the westinghouse electric Corporation entitled Electric Utility Engineering Reference book distribution Systems.However, as the title suggest, it is an excellent reference book but unfortunately not a textbook therefore the intention here is to fill the vacuum,at least partially,that has existed to long in power systems engineering literature.   

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Regulation by Contract: A New Way to Privatize Electricity Distribution? By Tonci Bakovic Bernard Tenenbaum Fiona Woolf

Recent Events

The last few years have not favored private investors in electricity distribution companies in developing countries. In India, the AES Corporation told the Orissa state government that it wished to sell its ownership interest in a local distribution company because it saw no way to make the company a viable commercial enterprise. A few months later, BSES, a large Indian power company that had invested in three other distribution companies in Orissa, also threatened to leave. In Ecuador, the government announced that it was abandoning its plans to privatize 17 state electricity distribution companies after receiving a poll that showed that more than 71 percent of the general public was opposed to such privatizations. In Senegal, a new government terminated its agreement with Senelec, a consortium of Tractebel/Hydro Quebec, after accusing the consortium of failing to improve the frequency and duration of blackouts. In Brazil, AES experienced major financial problems for Electropaulo, its distribution company in Sao Paulo—problems caused in part by a significant drop in sales and revenues following in the wake of a governmentmandated rationing program. The company protested that the rationing program put it in the difficult position of having to tell its customers: “We are asking you not to buy the only thing that we have to sell.”.

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Switching Protection and Distribution in Low-voltage Networks By Siemens

This handbook is published to assist the user of low-voltage switchgear,switchoards and distribution systems is the  planning of installations as well as the specification,selection ,operation and maintenance of equipment.it not only deals with the broader fundamental and theoretical principles, but also provides quick and precise answers to specializes questions in this field of electrical engineering.the particular problems related to project planning receive the same attention as those arising during construction,installing,operation and maintenance.

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Distributed Computing and Networking By ,Prasad Jayanti,Sanjoy Kumar Saha

In recent years, the rapid advances being made in computer technology have ensured that large sections of the world population have been able to gain easy access to computers on account of falling costs worldwide, and their use is now commonplace in all walks of life. Government agencies, scientific, business and commercial organizations are routinely using computers not just for computational purposes but also for storage, in massive databases, of the immense volumes of data that they routinely generate, or require from other sources. Large-scale computer networking has ensured that such data has become accessible to more and more people. In other words, we are in the midst of an information explosion, and there is urgent need for methodologies that will help us bring some semblance of order into the phenomenal volumes of data that can readily be accessed by us with a few clicks of the keys of our computer keyboard. Traditional statistical data summarization and database management techniques are just not adequate for handling data on this scale, and for extracting intelligently, information or, rather, knowledge that may be useful for exploring the domain in question or the phenomena responsible for the data, and providing support to decision-making processes. This quest had thrown up some new phrases, for example, data mining [1, 2] and knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). 

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Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks By S. Chowdhury, S.P. Chowdhury and P. Crossley

Preface
Power and energy engineers, academics, researchers and stakeholders everywhere are pondering the problems of depletion of fossil fuel resources, poor energy efficiency and environmental pollution. Hence there is a new trend of generating energy locally at distribution voltage level by using small-scale, lowcarbon, non-conventional and/or renewable energy sources, like natural gas, biogas, wind power, solar photovoltaic, fuel cells, microturbines, Stirling engines, etc., and their integration into the utility distribution network. This is termed as dispersed or distributed generation (DG) and the generators are termed as distributed energy resources (DERs) or microsources. In the late 1990s, the major issues related to DG were extensively investigated by the working groups of CIGRE and CIRED in their review reports. As part of the Kyoto Protocol, many countries are planning to cut down greenhouse gas emissions (carbon and nitrogen by-products) to counter climate change and global warming. Hence many governments are coming up with new energy generation and utilisation policies to support proper utilisation of these low-carbon generation technologies. 
             Conventional electricity networks are in the era of major transition from passive distribution networks with unidirectional electricity transportation to active distribution networks with DERs and hence bidirectional electricity transportation. Active distribution networks need to incorporate flexible and intelligent control systems in order to harness clean energy from renewable DERs. They should also employ future network technologies for integration of DERs as smartgrid or Microgrid networks. The present ‘fit-and-forget’ strategy of DER deployment must be changed in active network management for accommodating a high degree of DG penetration. For actually implementing Microgrids and active distribution networks on a commercial basis, extensive research is needed, but not restricted to the following areas: (i) wide area active control, (ii) adaptive protection and control, (iii) network management devices, (iv) real-time network simulation, (v) advanced sensors and measurements, (vi) distributed pervasive communication, (vii) knowledge extraction by intelligent methods and (viii) novel design of transmission and distribution systems. 
             To the best of our knowledge, this book is the first of its kind to deal with various technical and economical aspects and issues of Microgrids and active distribution networks. Microgrids, as active low- and medium-voltage networks, can potentially provide a huge benefit to the main power utility by improving its energy efficiency, power quality and reliability to customers’satisfaction. However, a large number of technical and regulatory issues need to be addressed carefully before their implementation. This requires considerable research and government intervention across the world. 
            This book deals with the basic concept, generation technologies, impacts, operation, control and management aspects, and economic viability and market participation issues of Microgrid and active distribution networks in a broad perspective.                      Chapter 1 discusses the basic concepts of Microgrids and active distribution networks, their needs, technical advantages and challenges, socioeconomic impacts and several management and operational issues. 
            Chapter 2 discusses the basic principles of operation of several DER technologies normally used in Microgrid and active distribution networks. 
            Chapter 3 discusses the technical, economical and environmental impacts of Microgrid concepts. Microgrids have enormous impact on main grid operation and its customers. This chapter covers aspects of electricity/heat generation and utilisation, process optimisation, and electricity and gas market reforms to accommodate Microgrids for their potential environmental benefits. Major issues like market reforms, impacts on distribution system, emission reduction, communication infrastructure needs, ancillary services, protection co-ordination, etc., have also been discussed in detail. 
            Chapter 4 discusses the technical features of Microgrid and active distribution network management systems and their applicability in integrated operation of the Microgrid with the main power utility. It also details how and to what extent the operational needs may be taken care of by the Microgrid central controllers and microsource controllers. 
            Chapter 5 discusses in detail the protection systems in Microgrids, which have quite different protection requirements as compared to conventional distribution systems and stand-alone DER installations. 
            Chapter 6 discusses the development of power electronic interfaces for Microgrids, microsources and their controllers. Functioning of power electronic interfaces for Microgrids and active distribution networks is directly related to the development of SCADA and communications infrastructure in the same area. 
          Chapter 7 discusses the SCADA and communications in Microgrid management. 
           Chapter 8 discusses power quality and reliability issues of Microgrid and active distribution networks.
          Chapters 9 and 10 deal with the economical impacts and market participation of Microgrids, respectively.

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DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS By S. Sitharama Iyengar

Preface
In many ways this book started 10 years ago, when the editors started their collaboration at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. At that time, sensor networks were a somewhat arcane topic. Since then, many new technologies have ripened, and prototype devices have emerged on the market. We were lucky enough to be able to continue our collaboration under the aegis of the DARPA IXO Sensor Information Technology Program, and the Emergent Surveillance Plexus Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative. 
           What was clear 10 years ago, and has become more obvious since, is that the only way to monitor the real world adequately is to use a network of devices. Many reasons for this will be given in this book. These reasons range from financial considerations to statistical inference constraints. Once you start using a network situated in the real world, the need for adaptation and self-configuration also become obvious.
           What was probably not known 10 years ago was the breadth and depth of research needed to design these systems adequately. The book in front of you contains chapters from acknowledged leaders in sensor network design. The contributors work at leading research institutions and have expertise in a broad range of technical fields.
          The field of sensor networks has matured greatly within the last few years. The editors are grateful to have participated in this process. We are especially pleased to have been able to interact with the research groups whose work is presented here. This growth has only been possible with the support from many government agencies, especially within the Department of Defense. Visionary program managers at DARPA, ONR, AFRL, and ARL have made a significant impact on these technologies. 
         It is the editors’ sincere hope that the field continues to mature. We also hope that the crossfertilization of ideas between technical fields that has enabled these advances, deepens.

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Power Electronics in Smart Electrical Energy Networks By Ryszard Strzelecki & Grzegorz Benysek

Preface 

The book arises from the conviction that it is necessary to re-think the basic philosophy governing the electricity distribution systems. In the authors’ opinion there is a need to exploit fully the potential advantages of renewable energy sources, distributed generation, energy storage and other factors which should not only be connected but also fully integrated into the system to increase the efficiency, flexibility, safety, reliability and quality of the electricity and networks. Transformation of the current electricity grids into a smart (resilient, interactive etc.) network necessitates the development, propagation and demonstration of key cost effective technologies enabling (e.g., innovative interconnection solutions, storage technologies for renewable energy sources, power electronics, communications etc.). On the basis of the above, the major aim of this book is to present the features, solutions and applications of the power electronics arrangements likely to be useful in future smart electrical energy networks. 
            The first part of this book introduces the structure and fundamental problems of the current electricity grids together with the concept of smart electrical energy networks. 
            Next there is a critical overview of power theories, mainly under non-sinusoidal conditions in single-phase and three-phase systems, in both time and frequency domains. The basic criterion for the choice of the discussed theories is historical development of knowledge in this field and the usefulness of power theory in solving practical problems: reactive power compensation, balancing the supply network load and mitigation of voltage and current distortion. Particular attention is given to the theories defining the current components in the time domain as the basis for present-day interconnection, active compensation and filtering systems. The content of this part is essential for understanding both the principle of operation and the control algorithms of the majority of the currently used power quality improvement and interconnecting systems. 
           Additionally, in this part an overview of control methods in power systems with the focus on damping of electromechanical oscillations and mitigation of power quality problems is presented. The focus is on power systems with increased levels of uncertainty resulting from deregulation of theelectrical power industry and the presence of non-conventional types of generation (renewable energy sources and distributed generation). The issue of finding the best techno-economical solution for the problems is also briefly mentioned. The focus in thepower quality section is on probabilistic modelling of disturbances and their consequences. 
          In the next part of the book the main emphasis is on low, medium, and high power conversion issues and the power electronic converters that process power for a variety of applications in smart grids. Following recent trends in power electronics technology, greater stress is placed on modern power electronic converters, such as resonant and multi-level inverters or matrix converters, and these are thoroughly covered. Special features include in-depth discussions of all power conversion types: AC/DC, AC/AC, DC/DC, and DC/AC. 
           After that, both the relationships and the differences between electrical power quality and electromagnetic compatibility are explained and definitions of these notions are provided. The principles of standardization in both fields are also be discussed. The power quality survey is a useful procedure for identifying and resolving power-related equipment or facility problems. It is an organized, systematic approach to problem solving. If all the steps for a power quality survey are completed, information is obtained that either identifies a solution to a powerrelated problem or reveals that the problem is not related to the electrical power system. 
             After that, EMC related problems in smart electrical power systems as well as some EMC regulations are overviewed. Special attention is paid to the origin and the spreading of the conducted EMI over power systems containing power converters. This is true because the diversity of power converters makes difficult the general analysis of the EMI spectra. However, there are some common features which can be derived from typical applications and layouts of the systems with power converters. Specific key aspects of electromagnetic compatibility in power electronics are presented, such as a typical role of power converters and their place in the smart power system, a typical frequency range of generated EMI noises, specific features of the common mode source in three-phase power converter systems and traveling wave phenomena. This part gives a detailed analysis based on the authors’ own experimental results in the systems with converters that are common in smart power systems. 
             The next part of the book introduces high frequency AC power distribution systems as relatively new and promising developments in the field of electric power. Compared with low frequency or DC link power systems, the high frequency system offers many key advantages including system compactness due to small filtering and transforming components, better power quality, freedom from acoustic noise and mechanical resonance. In addition, it is particularly conducive to the distributed and amalgamated structures of future power systems, which are likely to converge with the information superhighways. Also described are the motivations and performances of the earliest high frequency systems used in telecommunications and NASA’s Space Station, and to those more recently introduced in the fields of electric vehicles, micro-grids and renewable energies. Additionally there is discussion of the many potential benefits these systems can offer in shaping the future electric power infrastructure, and also the challenges that need to be overcome. 
              Next addresed are the technical considerations for interconnecting distributed generation equipment with conventional electric utility systems. This discussion arises from the fact that most electric distribution systems are designed, protected, and operated on the premise of being a single source of electric potential on each distribution feeder at any given time. Distributed generation violates this fundamental assumption, and therefore special requirements for connecting to the utility distribution grid are critical to ensure safe and reliable operation. Manufacturers, vendors, and end-users often see distributeed generation interconnection requirements as a huge market barrier, whereas utility engineers consider them to be absolutely necessary. Thus tools to help assess practical interconnection for specific projects and equipment are provided; we also create a clearinghouse for the many ongoing domestic and international efforts to develop uniform standards for interconnection.
             After that, the next part of this book is targeted at known electric energy storage systems as well as development of methodologies and tools for assessing the economic value and the strategic aspects of storage systems integrated into electricity grids. Such tools should be ble to evaluate and analyse energy storage solutions in a variety of applications, such as integration of distributed/renewable energy resources, reduction of peak loading, improvement of transmission grid stability and reliability. Additionally, electricity storage is presented as a strategic enabling technology which not only reduces costs and increases the efficient use of grid assets, but is key for accelerating the integration of distributed generation and renewable sources of energy. 
           The next part of our book deals with grid integration of wind energy systems. The focus of this topic is on the electrical side of wind conversion systems. After a short description of the basics, such as energy conversion, power limitation and speed control ranges, the existing generator types in wind energy conversion system are described. Because of the practical problems arising with wind turbine installations, their grid integration is an interesting field, whereas the characteristics of wind energy conversion itself, the common types of grid coupling and resulting wind park designs are discussed. On the point of common coupling, wind energy generation may produce distortions of the grid, e.g., flicker effects and harmonics. The causes of their generation, superposition and mitigation are described in detail. Existing standards and the requirements of the transmission system operators are also discussed from the point of view of the conversion system. 
            Because of limited onshore areas for wind energy systems in Europe, powerful wind parks can be installed only at selected places. A solution of this problem is offshore technology which, due to better wind conditions, brings higher energy yields, but also a lot of additional requirements for the installation and operation of the wind turbines. This includes a special generator design necessitated by the salty environment and different possibilities for the wind park structure, which has internal fixed or free adjustable parameters such as frequency, voltage range and transmission type. The external energy transmission to the onshore substation can be realized with different system configurations. Their advantages and disadvantages are explained. 
           The next part of the book describes grid integration of photovoltaic systems and fuel cell systems. First the cell types and their efficiency and place requirement are explained. The focus lies on grid-connected photovoltaics, mainly their plant design and grid interfacing of systems depending on isolation conditions, and the possible use of different components is a topic of current interest. Power quality becomes an important issue if higher unit powers are installed. Special problems arising from common connection at the low voltage level are discussed. Derived from the existing devices and their assigned problems in the grid, possibilities for future development are presented. 
           Fuel cells, photovoltaic systems, generate DC voltage and need a power electronic conversion unit for their grid connection. The different types of fuel cells and their typical applications are described. But the focus lies on plant design, grid interfacing and future development. At the moment only a few fuel cell applications exist. The big potential of this technology may lead to large installation numbers within the next five years. Existing standards of this technology are listed to assist the understanding of this technology.

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Electric Power Distribution Reliability By Richard E. Brown

Series Introduction 
Power engineering is the oldest and most traditional of the various areas within electrical engineering, yet no other facet of modern technology is currently undergoing a more dramatic revolution in technology or business structure. Perhaps the most fundamental change taking place in the electric utility industry is the move toward a quantitative basis for the management of service reliability. Traditionally, electric utilities achieved satisfactory customer service quality through the use of more or less "one size fits all situations" standards and criteria that experience had shown would lead to no more than an acceptable level of trouble on their system. Tried and true, these methods succeeded in achieving acceptable service quality.
         But evolving industry requirements changed the relevance of these methods in two ways. First, the needs of modern electric energy consumers changed. Even into the early 1980s, very short (less than 10 second) interruptions of power had minimal impact on most consumers. Then, utilities routinely performed field switching of feeders in the early morning hours, creating 10-second interruptions of power flow that most consumers would not even notice. But where the synchronous-motor alarm clocks of the 1960s and 1970s would just fall a few seconds behind during such interruptions, modern digital clocks, microelectronic equipment and computers cease working altogether. Homeowners of the 1970s woke up the next morning—not even knowing or caring—that their alarm clocks were a few seconds behind. Homeowners today wake up minutes or hours late, to blinking digital displays throughout their home. In this and many other ways, the widespread use of digital equipment and automated processes has redefined the term "acceptable service quality" and has particularly increased the importance of interruption frequency as a measure of utility performance. 
          Second, while the traditional standards-driven paradigm did achieve satisfactory service quality in most cases, it did not do so at the lowest possible cost. In addition, it had no mechanism for achieving reliability targets in a demonstrated least-cost manner. As a result, in the late 20th century, electric utility management, public utility regulators, and energy consumers alike realized there had to be a more economically effective way to achieve satisfactory reliability levels of electric service. This was to engineer the system to provide the type of reliability needed at the lowest possible cost, creating a need for rigorous, quantitative reliability analysis and engineering methods—techniques capable of "engineering reliability into a system" in the same way that capacity or voltage regulation targets had traditionally been targeted and designed to. 
         Many people throughout the industry contributed to the development of what are today the accepted methods of reliability analysis and predictive design. But none contributed as much to either theory, or practice, as Richard Brown. His work is the foundation of modern power distribution reliability engineering. It is therefore with great pride that I welcome Electric Power Distribution Reliability as the newest addition to the Marcel Dekker series on Power Engineering. This is all the more rewarding to me because for the past six years Richard Brown has been one of my most trusted co-workers and research collaborators at ABB, and a good friend. 
          Dr. Brown's book lays out the rules and structure for modern power distribution reliability engineering in a rigorous yet accessible manner. While scrupulously correct in theory and mathematics, his book provides a wealth of practical experience and useful knowledge that can be applied by any electric power engineer to improve power distribution reliability performance. Thus, Electric Power Distribution Reliability fits particularly well into the theme of Marcel Dekker's Power Engineering Series, which focuses on providing modern power technology in a context of proven, practical application—books useful as references as well as for self-study and classroom use. I have no doubt that this book will be the reference in power delivery reliability engineering for years to come. Good work, Richard.

Preface 

Distribution reliability is one of the most important topics in the electric power industry due to its high impact on the cost of electricity and its high correlation with customer satisfaction. The breadth and depth of issues relating to this subject span nearly every distribution company department including procurement, operations, engineering, planning, rate making, customer relations and regulatory. Due in large part to its all-encompassing nature, distribution reliability has been difficult for utilities to address in a holistic manner. Most departments, if they address reliability at all, do so in isolation without considering how their actions may relate to those in different parts of the company—an understandable situation since there has been no single reference that covers all related issues and explains their interrelationships. This book is an attempt to fill this void by serving as a comprehensive tutorial and reference book covering all major topics related to distribution reliability. Each subject has been extensively researched and referenced with the intent of presenting a balance of theory, practical knowledge and practical applications. After reading this book, readers will have a basic understanding of distribution reliability issues and will know how these issues have affected typical utilities in the past. Further, readers will be knowledgeable about techniques capable of addressing reliability issues and will have a basic feel for the results that can be expected from their proper application.
           Electric Power Distribution Reliability is intended for engineering professionals interested in the topic described by its title. Utility distribution planners will find it of greatest use, but it also contains valuable information for engineers, dispatchers, operations personnel and maintenance personnel. Because of its breadth, this book may also find use with distribution company directors and executives, as well as with state regulatory authorities. It is intended to be a scholarly work and is suitable for use with senior or graduate level instruction as well as for self-instruction.
          This book is divided into seven chapters. Although each is a self-contained topic, the book is written so that each chapter builds upon the knowledge of prior chapters. As such, this book should be read through sequentially upon first encounter. Terminology and context introduced in prior chapters are required knowledge to fully comprehend and assimilate subsequent topics. After an initial reading, this book will serve well as a refresher and reference volume and has a detailed index to facilitate the quick location of specific material. 
          The first chapter, "Distribution Systems," presents fundamental concepts, terminology and symbology that serve as a foundation of knowledge for reliability-specific topics. It begins by describing the function of distribution systems in the overall electric power system. It continues by describing the component and system characteristics of substations, feeders and secondary systems. The chapter concludes by discussing issues associated with load characteristics and distribution operations. 
          The second chapter, "Reliability Metrics and Indices," discusses the various aspects of distribution reliability and defines terms that are frequently used later in the book. It begins at a high level by discussing power quality and its relationship to reliability. Standard reliability indices are then presented along with benchmark data and a discussion of their benefits and drawbacks. The chapter continues by discussing reliability from the customer perspective including the customer cost of interrupted electrical service and the customer surveys used to obtain this information. The chapter ends with a discussion of reliability targets and the industry trend towards performance-based rates, reliability guarantees and customer choice.                           
           Remembering that reliability problems are caused by real events, Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive discussion of all major causes of customer interruptions. It begins by describing the most common types of equipment failures and their associated failure modes, incipient failure detection possibilities and failure prevention strategies. It then discusses reliability issues associated with animals, presents animal data associated with reliability and offers recommendations to mitigate and prevent animal problems. The chapter continues by discussing severe weather including wind, lightning, ice storms, heat storms, earthquakes and fires. Human causes are the last interruption category addressed, including operating errors, vehicular accidents, dig-ins and vandalism. To place all of this information in perspective, the chapter concludes by discussing the most common interruption causes experienced by typical utilities.
          The analytical section of this book begins in Chapter 4, "Component Modeling." The chapter starts by defining the component reliability parameters that form the basis of all reliability models. It then discusses basic modeling concepts such as hazard functions, probability distribution functions and statistics. It ends by providing component reliability data for a wide variety of distribution equipment, which can be used both as a benchmark for custom data or as generic data in lieu of custom data. 
          The topic of component reliability modeling leads naturally into the next chapter, "System Modeling." This chapter begins with a tutorial on basic system analysis concepts such as states, Venn diagrams, network modeling and Markov modeling. The bulk of the chapter focuses on analytical and Monte Carlo simulation methods, which are the recommended approaches for most distribution system reliability assessment needs. Algorithms are presented with detail sufficient for the reader to implement models in computer software, and reflect all of the major system issues associated with distribution reliability. For completeness, the chapter concludes by presenting reliability analysis techniques commonly used in other fields and discusses their applicability to distribution systems. 
           The sixth chapter, "System Analysis," focuses on how to use the modeling concepts developed in the previous two chapters to improve system reliability. It begins with the practical issues of actually creating a system model, populating it with default data and calibrating it to historical data. It then presents techniques to analyze the system model including visualization, risk analysis, sensitivity analyses, root-cause analysis and loading analysis. One of the most important topics of the book comes next: strategies to improve reliability and how to quantify their impact by incorporating them into component and system models. The chapter then discusses how to view reliability improvement projects from a value perspective by presenting the basics of economic analysis and the prioritization method of marginal benefit-to-cost analysis. The chapter concludes with a comprehensive example that shows how system analysis techniques can be applied to improve the reliability of an actual distribution system.              
          Since most distribution companies would like to optimize the reliability of their distribution system, this book concludes with a chapter on system optimization. It begins by discussing common misconceptions about optimization and continues by showing how to properly formulate an optimization problem. It then presents several optimization methods that are particularly suitable for distribution system reliability. Finally, the book presents several practical applications of reliability optimization and discusses potential barriers that might be encountered when attempting to implement a reliability optimization initiative that spans many distribution company departments and budgets. 
          Electric Power Distribution Reliability is the product of approximately ten years of effort in various aspects of electric power distribution reliability. I would like to thank the following people for teaching, collaborating and supporting me during this time. In the academic world, I would like to thank Dr. Mani Venkata, Dr. Richard Christie and Dr. Anil Pahwa for their insight, guidance and support. In industry, I would like to acknowledge the contributions and suggestions of my co-workers at ABB with special thanks to Mr. Lee Willis, Dr. Andrew Hanson, Mr. Jim Burke, Mr. Mike Marshall, Mr. Tim Taylor, Mr. Greg Welch, Mr. Lavelle Freeman and Dr. Fangxing Li. I would also like to thank Rita Lazazzaro and Lila Harris at Marcel Dekker, Inc., for their involvement and efforts to make this book a quality effort. Last, I would like to offer special thanks to my wife Christelle and to my daughter Ashlyn for providing the inspiration and support without which this book would not be possible.

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