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ger in my front yard. This book is another screen, another lens trained on those events.It tells stories about two villages separated by time,connected by proximity,and united by the challenges of maintaining a community under duress. 
          The story of one village presents an insider’s view of a natural disaster, describing the destruction of the electric grid in January 1998 and the emergence of a community that filled the resulting void.This story begins with moments in the lives of people in the village of Potsdam, New York people such as myself,my family,my neighbors,townspeople,local officials, and relief workers and expands to cover the breadth of the disaster. The book concludes with a timeline of events that traces the disaster from the storm’s origins in the Gulf of Mexico to the lethal flooding it caused as it moved slowly up the eastern seaboard to the icy devastation it brought to the Northeast. The story of the other village begins nearly two hundred years before the ice storm in a place called Louisville Landing, about twenty miles from Potsdam on the border between the United States and Canada.This narrative provides a glimpse of what it took to build the kind of grids that made this nation, the grids that connect us to one another. It is told through the experiences of some of the people who sacrificed the most to build them.

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This chapter briefly discusses the growth of complex electrical power networks. It introduces the lack of controllability of the active- and reactive-power flows in energized networks. (These flows tend to diffuse in the network, depending primarily on the impedance of power lines.) This chapter also describes the conventional controlled systems, such as automatic governor control and excitation control employed at generating stations. Transformer tap-changer control is another control feature generally available in transmission networks. Arising from the transformer combinations and the use of on-load tap changers, phase-shifting transformers are realized, which are primarily used to mitigate circulating power on network tie-lines.
          This introduction and the recognition of limited controllability provide the basis for introducing the concept of the flexible ac transmission system (FACTS). Since newly developed FACTS devices rely on the advances made in semiconductor components and the resulting power-electronic devices, these, too, are introduced.
        This chapter also introduces the basic operating principles of new FACTS devices. (These principles are fully discussed in later chapters of this book.) Finally, the chapter presents a brief commentary on emerging deregulation, competition, and open access in power utilities. In that context, the value of FACTS devices for emerging transmission companies is identified.

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The wireless transfer of energy as scalar wave radiation goes back on Nikola Tesla. From him originated the patent No. 649.621 on 15.5.1900: Apparatus for transmission of Electrical Energy. Unfortunately his equipment was extremely large and expensive, so that no copies had been provided and the ingenious technology could extract itself from the field of vision and the consciousness of the public. Many sceptics however are to be convinced only, if they have their own copy, at which they personally can make measurements and experiments. A new technology will only become public and can assert itself if it is carried beyond the scientific facilities and education centres into the public. 
        The lost believed technology is taken up again with the kit. By using a modern waveform generator in place of a spark gap generator, with an operating voltage of few volts in stead of 600 kilovolts a miniaturization of the device succeeded, at which all characteristics indicated by Tesla and still some more can be introduced and examined experimentally. Today, nearly 100 years later a scalar wave transmission device fits into a suitcase and is purchasable for everyone. 
       All assembly groups and component parts necessary for the experiments are included in delivery, as well as the aluminium suitcase, which is used as shielding cage. Thus a high degree of reproducibility is guaranteed. The demo kit is particularly suitable for nontechnicians to open them the possibility of a successful execution of the experiment. For technicians and hobbyists a more extensive experimentation kit is offered. It is particularly important for comparison purposes that everyone does work with the same generator, because the empiric reports will be published in an anthology, which should encourage other experimentators to reproduce some of them.

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The variability of power output exhibited by many renewable electricity sources represents something of a challenge to maintaining secure supplies in the integrated electricity systems of industrialized countries – especially if, as widely anticipated, the contribution of renewables to national grids rises to very substantial levels. But is this a major – or even an insuperable – challenge, or one that is readily amenable to solution? This is the key question this book attempts to address. It also raises a host of other important issues. 

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THERE is probably no subject, connected with the application of electricity, that has come into greater prominence during the last decade, than the electric transmission of power. The electric motor is now to be found everywhere driving machinery of all sizes. It permits a single, large, economical* engine to operate a number of small motors over a large area.

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This Book is a product of the Municipal services Project, a multi-partner research,policy and educational initiative examining the restructuring of municipal services of decentralisation,privatisation,cost recovery and community participation on the delivery of basic services to the rural and urban poor, and how these reforms impact on public,industrial and mental heath.  

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This book presents new and important research on electric power and its generation, transmission and efficiency. The world is becoming increasingly electrified. For the foreseeable future, coal will continue to be the dominant fuel used for electric power production. The low cost and abundance of coal is one of the primary reasons for this. Electric power transmission, a process in the delivery of electricity to consumers, is the bulk transfer of electrical power. Typically, power transmission is between the power plant and a substation near a populated area. Electricity distribution is the delivery from the substation to the consumers. Due to the large amount of power involved, transmission normally takes place at high voltage (110 kV or above). Electricity is usually transmitted over long distance through overhead power transmission lines. Underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas due to its high cost of installation and maintenance, and because the high reactive power gain produces large charging currents and difficulties in voltage management. 

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Series Introduction 
Power engineering is the oldest and most traditional of the various areas within electrical engineering, yet no other facet of modern technology is currently undergoing a more dramatic revolution in technology or business structure. Perhaps the most fundamental change taking place in the electric utility industry is the move toward a quantitative basis for the management of service reliability. Traditionally, electric utilities achieved satisfactory customer service quality through the use of more or less "one size fits all situations" standards and criteria that experience had shown would lead to no more than an acceptable level of trouble on their system. Tried and true, these methods succeeded in achieving acceptable service quality.
         But evolving industry requirements changed the relevance of these methods in two ways. First, the needs of modern electric energy consumers changed. Even into the early 1980s, very short (less than 10 second) interruptions of power had minimal impact on most consumers. Then, utilities routinely performed field switching of feeders in the early morning hours, creating 10-second interruptions of power flow that most consumers would not even notice. But where the synchronous-motor alarm clocks of the 1960s and 1970s would just fall a few seconds behind during such interruptions, modern digital clocks, microelectronic equipment and computers cease working altogether. Homeowners of the 1970s woke up the next morning—not even knowing or caring—that their alarm clocks were a few seconds behind. Homeowners today wake up minutes or hours late, to blinking digital displays throughout their home. In this and many other ways, the widespread use of digital equipment and automated processes has redefined the term "acceptable service quality" and has particularly increased the importance of interruption frequency as a measure of utility performance. 
          Second, while the traditional standards-driven paradigm did achieve satisfactory service quality in most cases, it did not do so at the lowest possible cost. In addition, it had no mechanism for achieving reliability targets in a demonstrated least-cost manner. As a result, in the late 20th century, electric utility management, public utility regulators, and energy consumers alike realized there had to be a more economically effective way to achieve satisfactory reliability levels of electric service. This was to engineer the system to provide the type of reliability needed at the lowest possible cost, creating a need for rigorous, quantitative reliability analysis and engineering methods—techniques capable of "engineering reliability into a system" in the same way that capacity or voltage regulation targets had traditionally been targeted and designed to. 
         Many people throughout the industry contributed to the development of what are today the accepted methods of reliability analysis and predictive design. But none contributed as much to either theory, or practice, as Richard Brown. His work is the foundation of modern power distribution reliability engineering. It is therefore with great pride that I welcome Electric Power Distribution Reliability as the newest addition to the Marcel Dekker series on Power Engineering. This is all the more rewarding to me because for the past six years Richard Brown has been one of my most trusted co-workers and research collaborators at ABB, and a good friend. 
          Dr. Brown's book lays out the rules and structure for modern power distribution reliability engineering in a rigorous yet accessible manner. While scrupulously correct in theory and mathematics, his book provides a wealth of practical experience and useful knowledge that can be applied by any electric power engineer to improve power distribution reliability performance. Thus, Electric Power Distribution Reliability fits particularly well into the theme of Marcel Dekker's Power Engineering Series, which focuses on providing modern power technology in a context of proven, practical application—books useful as references as well as for self-study and classroom use. I have no doubt that this book will be the reference in power delivery reliability engineering for years to come. Good work, Richard.

Preface 

Distribution reliability is one of the most important topics in the electric power industry due to its high impact on the cost of electricity and its high correlation with customer satisfaction. The breadth and depth of issues relating to this subject span nearly every distribution company department including procurement, operations, engineering, planning, rate making, customer relations and regulatory. Due in large part to its all-encompassing nature, distribution reliability has been difficult for utilities to address in a holistic manner. Most departments, if they address reliability at all, do so in isolation without considering how their actions may relate to those in different parts of the company—an understandable situation since there has been no single reference that covers all related issues and explains their interrelationships. This book is an attempt to fill this void by serving as a comprehensive tutorial and reference book covering all major topics related to distribution reliability. Each subject has been extensively researched and referenced with the intent of presenting a balance of theory, practical knowledge and practical applications. After reading this book, readers will have a basic understanding of distribution reliability issues and will know how these issues have affected typical utilities in the past. Further, readers will be knowledgeable about techniques capable of addressing reliability issues and will have a basic feel for the results that can be expected from their proper application.
           Electric Power Distribution Reliability is intended for engineering professionals interested in the topic described by its title. Utility distribution planners will find it of greatest use, but it also contains valuable information for engineers, dispatchers, operations personnel and maintenance personnel. Because of its breadth, this book may also find use with distribution company directors and executives, as well as with state regulatory authorities. It is intended to be a scholarly work and is suitable for use with senior or graduate level instruction as well as for self-instruction.
          This book is divided into seven chapters. Although each is a self-contained topic, the book is written so that each chapter builds upon the knowledge of prior chapters. As such, this book should be read through sequentially upon first encounter. Terminology and context introduced in prior chapters are required knowledge to fully comprehend and assimilate subsequent topics. After an initial reading, this book will serve well as a refresher and reference volume and has a detailed index to facilitate the quick location of specific material. 
          The first chapter, "Distribution Systems," presents fundamental concepts, terminology and symbology that serve as a foundation of knowledge for reliability-specific topics. It begins by describing the function of distribution systems in the overall electric power system. It continues by describing the component and system characteristics of substations, feeders and secondary systems. The chapter concludes by discussing issues associated with load characteristics and distribution operations. 
          The second chapter, "Reliability Metrics and Indices," discusses the various aspects of distribution reliability and defines terms that are frequently used later in the book. It begins at a high level by discussing power quality and its relationship to reliability. Standard reliability indices are then presented along with benchmark data and a discussion of their benefits and drawbacks. The chapter continues by discussing reliability from the customer perspective including the customer cost of interrupted electrical service and the customer surveys used to obtain this information. The chapter ends with a discussion of reliability targets and the industry trend towards performance-based rates, reliability guarantees and customer choice.                           
           Remembering that reliability problems are caused by real events, Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive discussion of all major causes of customer interruptions. It begins by describing the most common types of equipment failures and their associated failure modes, incipient failure detection possibilities and failure prevention strategies. It then discusses reliability issues associated with animals, presents animal data associated with reliability and offers recommendations to mitigate and prevent animal problems. The chapter continues by discussing severe weather including wind, lightning, ice storms, heat storms, earthquakes and fires. Human causes are the last interruption category addressed, including operating errors, vehicular accidents, dig-ins and vandalism. To place all of this information in perspective, the chapter concludes by discussing the most common interruption causes experienced by typical utilities.
          The analytical section of this book begins in Chapter 4, "Component Modeling." The chapter starts by defining the component reliability parameters that form the basis of all reliability models. It then discusses basic modeling concepts such as hazard functions, probability distribution functions and statistics. It ends by providing component reliability data for a wide variety of distribution equipment, which can be used both as a benchmark for custom data or as generic data in lieu of custom data. 
          The topic of component reliability modeling leads naturally into the next chapter, "System Modeling." This chapter begins with a tutorial on basic system analysis concepts such as states, Venn diagrams, network modeling and Markov modeling. The bulk of the chapter focuses on analytical and Monte Carlo simulation methods, which are the recommended approaches for most distribution system reliability assessment needs. Algorithms are presented with detail sufficient for the reader to implement models in computer software, and reflect all of the major system issues associated with distribution reliability. For completeness, the chapter concludes by presenting reliability analysis techniques commonly used in other fields and discusses their applicability to distribution systems. 
           The sixth chapter, "System Analysis," focuses on how to use the modeling concepts developed in the previous two chapters to improve system reliability. It begins with the practical issues of actually creating a system model, populating it with default data and calibrating it to historical data. It then presents techniques to analyze the system model including visualization, risk analysis, sensitivity analyses, root-cause analysis and loading analysis. One of the most important topics of the book comes next: strategies to improve reliability and how to quantify their impact by incorporating them into component and system models. The chapter then discusses how to view reliability improvement projects from a value perspective by presenting the basics of economic analysis and the prioritization method of marginal benefit-to-cost analysis. The chapter concludes with a comprehensive example that shows how system analysis techniques can be applied to improve the reliability of an actual distribution system.              
          Since most distribution companies would like to optimize the reliability of their distribution system, this book concludes with a chapter on system optimization. It begins by discussing common misconceptions about optimization and continues by showing how to properly formulate an optimization problem. It then presents several optimization methods that are particularly suitable for distribution system reliability. Finally, the book presents several practical applications of reliability optimization and discusses potential barriers that might be encountered when attempting to implement a reliability optimization initiative that spans many distribution company departments and budgets. 
          Electric Power Distribution Reliability is the product of approximately ten years of effort in various aspects of electric power distribution reliability. I would like to thank the following people for teaching, collaborating and supporting me during this time. In the academic world, I would like to thank Dr. Mani Venkata, Dr. Richard Christie and Dr. Anil Pahwa for their insight, guidance and support. In industry, I would like to acknowledge the contributions and suggestions of my co-workers at ABB with special thanks to Mr. Lee Willis, Dr. Andrew Hanson, Mr. Jim Burke, Mr. Mike Marshall, Mr. Tim Taylor, Mr. Greg Welch, Mr. Lavelle Freeman and Dr. Fangxing Li. I would also like to thank Rita Lazazzaro and Lila Harris at Marcel Dekker, Inc., for their involvement and efforts to make this book a quality effort. Last, I would like to offer special thanks to my wife Christelle and to my daughter Ashlyn for providing the inspiration and support without which this book would not be possible.

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The first planar circuit was fabricated by Fairchild Semiconductor Company in 1959. Since then, the evolution of the integrated circuit has progressed, now providing billions of transistors on a single monolithic substrate. These integrated circuits are an integral and nearly essential part of our modern life. The power consumed by a typical 20×20 mm2 microprocessor is in the range of several hundreds of watts, making integrated circuits one of the highest power consumers per unit area. With such a high rate of power consumption, the problem of delivering power on-chip has become a fundamental issue. The focus of this book is on distributing power within high performance integrated circuits. 
             In 2004, the book titled Power Distribution Networks in High Speed Integrated Circuits by A. V. Mezhiba and E. G. Friedman was published to describe, for the first time in book form, the design and analysis of power distribution networks within integrated circuits. The book described different aspects of on-chip power distribution networks, starting with a general introduction and ending with a discussion of various design tradeoffs in on-chip power distribution networks. Later, the important and highly relevant topic of decoupling capacitance was added to this book. Due to the significant change in size and focus, the book was released in 2008 as a new first edition with a new title, Power Distribution Networks with On-Chip Decoupling Capacitors by M. Popovich, A. V. Mezhiba, and E. G. Friedman. Since this revised book was published, new design and analysis challenges in on-chip power networks have emerged. 
             The rapidly evolving field of integrated circuits has required an innovative perspective on on-chip power generation and distribution, shifting the authors’ research focus to these new challenges. Updating knowledge on chip-based power distribution networks is the primary purpose for publishing a second edition of Power Distribution Networks with On-Chip Decoupling Capacitors. Focus is placed on complexity issues related to power distribution networks, developing novel design methodologies and providing solutions for specific design and analysis issues. In this second edition, the authors have revised and updated previously published chapters and added four new chapters to the book. This second edition has also been partitioned into sub-areas (called Parts) to provide a more intuitive flow to the reader.                
            The organization of the book is now separated into seven parts. A general background, introducing power networks, inductive properties, electromigration, and decoupling capacitance within integrated circuits, is provided in Part I (Chapters 1 to 7). In Part II (Chapters 8 to 12), the design of on-chip power distribution networks is discussed. Since noise within the power grid is a primary design constraint, this issue is reviewed in Part III (Chapters 13 to 19). In Part IV (Chapters 20 to 23), the primary issue of placing on-chip decoupling capacitors is discussed. Multi-layer power distribution networks are the focus of Part V (Chapters 24 to 26). In Part VI (Chapter 27 to 30), multiple power supply systems are described. The focus of this part is on those integrated circuits where several on-chip power supplies are required. In Part VII, some concluding comments, the appendices, and additional information are provided. 
             This revised and updated material is based on recent research by Renatas Jakushokas and Sel¸cuk K¨ose developed between 2005 and 2010 at the University of Rochester during their doctoral studies under the supervision of Prof. Eby G. Friedman. The emphasis of these newly added chapters is on the complexity of power distribution networks. Models for commonly used meshed and interdigitated interconnect structures are described. These models can be used to accurately and efficiently estimate the resistance and inductance of complex power distribution networks. With these models, on-chip power networks can be efficiently analyzed and designed, greatly enhancing the performance of the overall integrated circuit. 
            The book covers a wide spectrum of issues related to on-chip power distribution networks. The authors believe that this revised edition provides the latest information into what is a quickly changing and highly important topic to both the industrial and academic research and development communities.

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        This little book is written in the hope that it may be of service to those whose daily work is concerned with the art of transportation, in which electrical traction is to-day so potent a factor. The part it may play to-morrow only the prophet can say.
      The author has endeavored to set forth the general principles of the distribution of electrical energy to moving motors, to describe the methods which experience has shown to be desirable in such work, and to point out the ways in which these principles and methods can be co-ordinated in everyday practice. The art of correctly designing systems of distribution requires, more than anything else, skilled judgment and infinite finesse-, it cannot be reduced to formulae in which these terms do not enter as variables. The most that can be done is to sketch the lines of thought that, followed cautiously and shrewdly, lead to good results. 
      For the most part apparatus is too mutable to describe exhaustively, unless one is writing history. The reader will therefore find little of such detail, save in the frontier region which lies between established tramway practice and that greater field that stretches toward unknown bounds. Along that frontier experiment has blazed paths here and there, and we must note them carefully. We can see whither they lead, but dare not say how far. 
      The best advice that can be given to the engineer is to keep his eyes and ears open and never to let himself get caught out of sight of experimental facts.

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As General Chairs it is our pleasure to welcome you to the proceedings of ICDCN 2010, the 11th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking. This series of events started as the International Workshop on Distributed Computing (IWDC) in the year 2000. In view of the growing number of papers both in distributed computing and networking, and the natural synergy between the two areas, in 2006 the workshop series assumed its current name. Since then the conference has grown steadily in its reach and stature. The conference has attracted quality submissions and top speakers annually in the areas of distributed computing and networking from all over the world, thereby strengthening the connection between research in India, which has been on the rise, and the rest of the world. After a foray into Central India in the year 2009, this year the conference returned to the city of Kolkata.

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Electrical Distribution Systems (2nd Edition) is an introductory guidebook for self study or for use as a textbook in technical programs in electrical technology at vocational/technical schools, industrial training programs or college technical programs. The book uses a “systems” format to teach electrical distribution and associated power system concepts. Key concepts are presented by stressing applications-oriented theory. Through this approach, the student is not burdened with an abundance of information needed primarily for engineering design. “Real world” applications and operations are stressed throughout the book. Mathematical problems are solved by basic algebraic and trigonometric applications. There are few texts on the market dealing with the topic of electrical distribution systems that are applications-oriented. Some texts discuss the engineering design of systems; however, the intent of this book is to describe electrical distribution and associated power system operation from a technician’s point of view. Chapter 13 Distribution System Considerations provides an important overview of the economic, environmental and power quality requirements. Many illustrations and photos of actual equipment and systems are included in the book. 
            Concepts are presented in this book through an “Electrical Power Systems” model which includes power distribution as a key element. The other subsystems of this model are important associated systems to provide a comprehensive understanding of electrical distribution systems. The five subsystems of the electrical power systems model include: electrical power production, electrical power distribution, electrical power control, electrical power conversion, and electrical power measurement. 
          A limited understanding of basic electrical terms is assumed in the organization of this book. However Appendix A Important Terms is included to provide assistance in defining basic electrical Terms that may be used when dealing with electrical power systems.
         Through this comprehensive “systems” approach, the reader will gain a more complete understanding of electrical distribution systems. The authors have used this instructional method in teaching classes dealing with electrical power systems for over 35 years in a university technical program. We want to thank Brian W. Fardo, who teaches at Berea College, for his assistance in the revision of this book. He has an extensive background in technology systems. 
         We would also like to thank the many companies that have provided information and photographs to enhance the textbook. 

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Definitions
• Small company, wide scope
• Large company, continuous operations
• Design for maximum effect with minimum effort
• Operating and extending a network for one company
• Designing and supporting distributed networks as consultant
• Building and operating network as a service D

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Phase transitions of first-order are phenomena, widely occurring in nature. Among them are: evaporation and condensation, melting and solidification, sublimation and condensation into a solid phase, some structural transitions in the solid state, transitions connected with the decomposition into different phases in multicomponent liquid and solid systems, etc. 
              The classical explanation of the questions why and when phase transitions of first-order take place was based on thermodynamic concepts, which has been developed already more than hundred years ago. In the first half of the 20th century, huge efforts have been undertaken to determine not only why and when the phase transition takes place, but how it proceeds. To answer this question not only thermodynamics but also kinetic theories had to be developed and applied. An example was the classical theory of nucleation of the evolving phase which goes back to the 30th of the last century and is due to Becker and Döring, Kaischew and Stranski, Frenkel and Zeldovich and others. 
               First-order phase transformations in a system starting from a metastable initial state proceed via the new-phase nucleation mechanism. The kinetics of such phase transformation can be usually divided into three stages. Let us consider a system supersaturated with certain species inducing a diffusive mass transfer (e.g. by the atoms of a dissolved material in the process of precipitation of other phases from a supersaturated solid or liquid solution; or by vacancies and interstitial atoms in the growth of pores and dislocation loops, or by the atoms of a gas in the growth of gas-filled bubbles etc.). The first stages of decomposition, when the supersaturation, for example, with point defects is large enough, is characterized by intensive generation of viable nucleation centers larger than some critical size. At this stage, the amount of material in the nucleation centers is small, compared with that in the solution, and the supersaturation is essentially constant. 
              The second transient, or intermediate, stage of the decomposition process begins when the amount of material in the new phase becomes comparable with the initial quantity thus resulting in a decrease of the supersaturation. At this stage, the number of precipitates is practically constant and the volume of the new phase increases mainly through the independent growth of the precipitates. 
              Finally at the third, late stage of the phase transition, when the already formed aggregates of the newly evolving phase become large enough to allow to essentially decrease the supersaturation, surface tension and the conservation laws for atom species or point defects begin to play a crucial role in the phase transformation, thus resulting in a specific mechanism of the kinetics of new phase growth. This stage of the phase transformation was originally discovered in the analysis of decomposition of metastable solutions by Ostwald in 1900. This late stage of diffusive decomposition of dispersed systems is characterized by an increase in the mean size of new phase macroscopic centers, as a result of diffusive mass transfer from the smaller- to the larger-sized centers, the larger-sized centers “devouring” the smaller ones. From a thermodynamic point of view, this behavior is due to a decrease of the free energy of the system as a consequence of a reduction of the interfacial area and the surface energy contributions to the thermodynamic functions. Stochastic generation of new stable nucleation centers at this stage is highly improbable since they must be macroscopic in size. A considerable “diffusive” interaction between grown-up centers of the new phase appears, since each particular center “feels” the self-consistent diffusion field of the entire ensemble of point- and macrospecies of the new phase. 
              This phenomenon is commonly denoted as “Ostwald ripening” or, more frequently, as “coarsening”, or sometimes as “coalescence”, though the latter term is, in fact, inadequate. Although the late stage of the phase transition (or decomposition of the originally existing phase), determined by the diffusive interaction between new phase centers, has been analyzed by many authors, an incomplete set of equations has usually been solved, giving size distribution functions which did not obey the law of conservation of point defects. The detailed kinetics of a dispersed system cannot be revealed within such a reduced theoretical framework. The author, together with I.M. Lifshitz, had the opportunity to work out the theory of this late stage in the 50th of the last century giving a first correct solution of these highly non-linear problems. 
             The book presents the complete description of all three stages of first-order phase transitions, thus allowing one to model the whole course of the first-order phase transition kinetics. Special attention is given to transient stages in nucleation characterized by the establishment of steady-state conditions of nucleation and the determination of the time required for its approach and period of existence of the different stages of the nucleation-growth process. 
           Phase transformation processes may also proceed through the process of spinodal decomposition of an initially unstable phase. To this end the system should be quickly driven into the totally unstable state. The last chapter of the book deals with the kinetics of the spinodal decomposition. It is interesting that also in this case the whole process can be subdivided into three stages, in some way analogous to the transition in metastable system. Moreover, it is shown that both nucleation-growth and spinodal decomposition processes can be described in a unique way in terms of a generalized cluster model accounting appropriately for both size and composition (or density) changes of the clusters of the newly evolving phase in the course of their evolution to the respective macrophases. 
          The theoretical results obtained are illustrated in the book by experimental evidences. First of all it concerns the processes of phase decomposition in multicomponent systems, including isotope mixtures of solid helium. 
          In the course of the work on different aspects of the kinetics of phase formation, I had the pleasure to work together with a number of colleagues. To all of them I would like to express here my sincere thanks. In particular, it is a pleasure to thank the Scientific Editor of this book, Dr. Jürn W. P. Schmelzer, for his advices and gracious assistance in so many ways in the preparation of the present book for publication.
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In computational complexity theory the complexity of a problem is measured by the amount of time or space resources that are necessary gor solving a problem on an (idealized) computational device such as a Turing machine.  
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First order partial differential equations are encountered in various fields of science and numerous applications (differential geometry, analytical mechanics, solid mechanics, gas dynamics, geometric optics, wave theory, heat and mass transfer, multi phase flows, control theory, differential games, calculus of variations, dynamic programming, chemical engineering sciences, etc.). 
          Exact (closed-fonn) solutions of differential equations play an important role in the proper understanding of qualitative features of many phenomena and processes in various areas of natural science. They can be used to verify the consistency and estimate errors of various numerical, asymptotic, and approximate methods. 
          The book contains about 3000 first order partial differential equations with solutions. Many new exact solutions to linear and nonlinear equations are included (a large portion of these solutions was constructed by "recalculating" the corresponding results obtained by the authors over the last decade in the field of ordinary differential equations). Special attention is paid to equations of general form which depend on arbitrary functions. Other equations contain one or more fr~e parameters (lhe book actually deals with families of differential equations); it is the reader's option to fix these parameters. A number of differential equations are considered which are encountered in various fields of applied mathematics, mechanics, physics, control theory, and engineering sciences. Totally, the number of equations described is several times greater than in any other book available. 
           The handbook consists of chapters, sections, and subsections. The equations within a subsection are arranged in the increasing order of complexity. An extensive table of contents provides rapid access to the desired equations. 
          Each chapter opens with a "Preliminary Remarks" section, which briefly outlines basic analytical methods for solving the corresponding types of differential equations and presents specific examples. Both classical (smooth) and generalized (nonsmooth, discontinuous) solutions of the Cauchy problem for nonlinear equations are considered. To meet the demands of a wider readership with diverse mathematical backgrounds, the authors tried to avoid the use of special terminology wherever possible. Therefore, some of the methods are outlined in a schematic and somewhat simplified manner, with necessary references made to books where these methods are considered in more detail. 
          The main material is followed by a supplement which presents CONVODE, a specialized software package for solving ordinary differential equations and first order partial differential equations analytically. The reader can get access to CONVODE via e-mail.
         We would like to express our deep gratitude to Dr. Alexei Zhurov for useful remarks and invaluable help in preparing the camera-ready copy of the book and to Prof. Arik Melikyan for fruitful discussion of Sections 14.1 and 15.1. We also thank Richard Mairesse of the FUNDP computing center for helpful comments, maintaning Reduce, and more. 
        The authors hope that the handbook will prove helpful for a wide readership of researchers, college and university teachers, engineers, and students in various fields of applied mathematics, mechanics, physics, optimal control, differential garnes, and engineering sciences. 
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Designing low-power computing hardware has always been a priority since the early 1990s. The famous graph drawn by Intel’s Shekhar Borkar is now imprinted in the minds of designers. It was realized that as the clock speed is scaled from mega hertz to giga hertz, the heat density on the surface of silicon chip would compare with that of rocket nozzles to the surface of the sun. Computing in today’s era has become pervasive in the form of handheld devices, smart phones, tablet computers, and most importantly bio implantable devices. Borker’s graph aptiy captures the need for reducing heat dissipation subsequently battery life conservation. The battery life of devices that are implanted inside one’s body must be sufficient to not require surgical substitution every few years. The wireless sensor network technology deployed for reconnaissance purposes by the military or for disaster management scenarios also brought in the requirement of long battery life despite the energy expensive communication functionalities.
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The CD-ROM that accompanies the book may be used on a single Computer only.The license does not permit the use on a network (of ana kind).You further agree that this license grants permission to use the products contained herein,but does not give you right of ownership to any of the content or product contained on this CD-ROM.Use of third Party software contained on this CD-ROM is limited to and subject to licensing terms for the respective products.  
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Many textbooks have been written on control engineering, describing new techniques for controlling systems, or new and better ways of mathematically formulating existing methods to solve the ever-increasing complex problems faced by practicing engineers. However, few of these books fully address the applications aspects of control engineering. It is the intention of this new series to redress this situation. 
          The series will stress applications issues, and not just the mathematics of control engineering. It will provide texts that present not only both new and well-established techniques, but also detailed examples of the application of these methods to the solution of real-world problems.The authors will be drawn from both the academic world and the relevant applications sectors. 
         There are already many exciting examples of the application of control techniques in the established fields of electrical, mechanical (including aerospace), and chemical engineering.We have only to look around in today’s highly automated society to see the use of advanced robotics techniques in the manufacturing industries; the use of automated control and navigation systems in air and surface transport systems; the increasing use of intelligent control systems in the many artifacts available to the domestic consumer market; and the reliable supply of water, gas, and electrical power to the domestic consumer and to industry. However, there are currently many challenging problems that could benefit from wider exposure to the applicability of control methodologies, and the systematic systems-oriented basis inherent in the application of control techniques. 
        This series presents books that draw on expertise from both the academic world and the applications domains, and will be useful not only as academically recommended course texts but also as handbooks for practitioners in many applications domains. Linear Control System Analysis and Design with MATLAB is another outstanding entry in Dekker’s Control Engineering series.
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This book reports and covers comprehensive, consistent, and coherent studies on mechatronic and electromechanical systems. We have strived to address, deliver, and cover a spectrum of major opportunities and challenges in electromechanics, mechatronics, and electromechanical systems. We span transformative educational and research activities focused on application and utilization of recent developments in engineering science (mechanics, electromagnetics, control, electronics, and other disciplines), enabling hardware (motion devices, power electronics, microelectronics, etc.), advanced technologies (micromachining, materials, etc.), and software. 
        It is unlikely that one can imagine a prosperous life without electric energy and electromechanical systems. Electricity is produced by power plants and energy systems perform energy conversion. For example, synchronous generators convert the mechanical energy of various origins into electrical energy. Piezoelectric materials and devices convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Power plants, piezoelectric devices, and other systems can be referred to as electromechanical or mechatronic systems. We use thousands of highperformance mechatronic systems every day. There are hundreds of electromechanical motion devices in each passenger car. There are numerous mechatronic systems in household appliances such as consumer electronics, computers, sound systems, fans, etc. In a stand-alone computer hard drive, there are two electromechanical systems, in particular, an electric drive with a radial-topology permanent-magnet synchronous motor and a limited-angle axial-topology actuator to properly position a magnetic head. There are many electromechanical motion devices in a CD=DVD player and computer DVD-RW drives, for example, spinning drives, repositioning servo, loading servo, etc.
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