Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks By S. Chowdhury, S.P. Chowdhury and P. Crossley
Preface
Power and energy engineers, academics, researchers and stakeholders everywhere are pondering the problems of depletion of fossil fuel resources, poor energy efficiency and environmental pollution. Hence there is a new trend of generating energy locally at distribution voltage level by using small-scale, lowcarbon, non-conventional and/or renewable energy sources, like natural gas, biogas, wind power, solar photovoltaic, fuel cells, microturbines, Stirling engines, etc., and their integration into the utility distribution network. This is termed as dispersed or distributed generation (DG) and the generators are termed as distributed energy resources (DERs) or microsources. In the late 1990s, the major issues related to DG were extensively investigated by the working groups of CIGRE and CIRED in their review reports. As part of the Kyoto Protocol, many countries are planning to cut down greenhouse gas emissions (carbon and nitrogen by-products) to counter climate change and global warming. Hence many governments are coming up with new energy generation and utilisation policies to support proper utilisation of these low-carbon generation technologies.
Conventional electricity networks are in the era of major transition from passive distribution networks with unidirectional electricity transportation to active distribution networks with DERs and hence bidirectional electricity transportation. Active distribution networks need to incorporate flexible and intelligent control systems in order to harness clean energy from renewable DERs. They should also employ future network technologies for integration of DERs as smartgrid or Microgrid networks. The present ‘fit-and-forget’ strategy of DER deployment must be changed in active network management for accommodating a high degree of DG penetration. For actually implementing Microgrids and active distribution networks on a commercial basis, extensive research is needed, but not restricted to the following areas: (i) wide area active control, (ii) adaptive protection and control, (iii) network management devices, (iv) real-time network simulation, (v) advanced sensors and measurements, (vi) distributed pervasive communication, (vii) knowledge extraction by intelligent methods and (viii) novel design of transmission and distribution systems.
To the best of our knowledge, this book is the first of its kind to deal with various technical and economical aspects and issues of Microgrids and active distribution networks. Microgrids, as active low- and medium-voltage networks, can potentially provide a huge benefit to the main power utility by improving its energy efficiency, power quality and reliability to customers’satisfaction. However, a large number of technical and regulatory issues need to be addressed carefully before their implementation. This requires considerable research and government intervention across the world.
This book deals with the basic concept, generation technologies, impacts, operation, control and management aspects, and economic viability and market participation issues of Microgrid and active distribution networks in a broad perspective. Chapter 1 discusses the basic concepts of Microgrids and active distribution networks, their needs, technical advantages and challenges, socioeconomic impacts and several management and operational issues.
Chapter 2 discusses the basic principles of operation of several DER technologies normally used in Microgrid and active distribution networks.
Chapter 3 discusses the technical, economical and environmental impacts of Microgrid concepts. Microgrids have enormous impact on main grid operation and its customers. This chapter covers aspects of electricity/heat generation and utilisation, process optimisation, and electricity and gas market reforms to accommodate Microgrids for their potential environmental benefits. Major issues like market reforms, impacts on distribution system, emission reduction, communication infrastructure needs, ancillary services, protection co-ordination, etc., have also been discussed in detail.
Chapter 4 discusses the technical features of Microgrid and active distribution network management systems and their applicability in integrated operation of the Microgrid with the main power utility. It also details how and to what extent the operational needs may be taken care of by the Microgrid central controllers and microsource controllers.
Chapter 5 discusses in detail the protection systems in Microgrids, which have quite different protection requirements as compared to conventional distribution systems and stand-alone DER installations.
Chapter 6 discusses the development of power electronic interfaces for Microgrids, microsources and their controllers. Functioning of power electronic interfaces for Microgrids and active distribution networks is directly related to the development of SCADA and communications infrastructure in the same area.
Chapter 7 discusses the SCADA and communications in Microgrid management.
Chapter 8 discusses power quality and reliability issues of Microgrid and active distribution networks.
Chapters 9 and 10 deal with the economical impacts and market participation of Microgrids, respectively.
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