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The first planar circuit was fabricated by Fairchild Semiconductor Company in 1959. Since then, the evolution of the integrated circuit has progressed, now providing billions of transistors on a single monolithic substrate. These integrated circuits are an integral and nearly essential part of our modern life. The power consumed by a typical 20×20 mm2 microprocessor is in the range of several hundreds of watts, making integrated circuits one of the highest power consumers per unit area. With such a high rate of power consumption, the problem of delivering power on-chip has become a fundamental issue. The focus of this book is on distributing power within high performance integrated circuits. 
             In 2004, the book titled Power Distribution Networks in High Speed Integrated Circuits by A. V. Mezhiba and E. G. Friedman was published to describe, for the first time in book form, the design and analysis of power distribution networks within integrated circuits. The book described different aspects of on-chip power distribution networks, starting with a general introduction and ending with a discussion of various design tradeoffs in on-chip power distribution networks. Later, the important and highly relevant topic of decoupling capacitance was added to this book. Due to the significant change in size and focus, the book was released in 2008 as a new first edition with a new title, Power Distribution Networks with On-Chip Decoupling Capacitors by M. Popovich, A. V. Mezhiba, and E. G. Friedman. Since this revised book was published, new design and analysis challenges in on-chip power networks have emerged. 
             The rapidly evolving field of integrated circuits has required an innovative perspective on on-chip power generation and distribution, shifting the authors’ research focus to these new challenges. Updating knowledge on chip-based power distribution networks is the primary purpose for publishing a second edition of Power Distribution Networks with On-Chip Decoupling Capacitors. Focus is placed on complexity issues related to power distribution networks, developing novel design methodologies and providing solutions for specific design and analysis issues. In this second edition, the authors have revised and updated previously published chapters and added four new chapters to the book. This second edition has also been partitioned into sub-areas (called Parts) to provide a more intuitive flow to the reader.                
            The organization of the book is now separated into seven parts. A general background, introducing power networks, inductive properties, electromigration, and decoupling capacitance within integrated circuits, is provided in Part I (Chapters 1 to 7). In Part II (Chapters 8 to 12), the design of on-chip power distribution networks is discussed. Since noise within the power grid is a primary design constraint, this issue is reviewed in Part III (Chapters 13 to 19). In Part IV (Chapters 20 to 23), the primary issue of placing on-chip decoupling capacitors is discussed. Multi-layer power distribution networks are the focus of Part V (Chapters 24 to 26). In Part VI (Chapter 27 to 30), multiple power supply systems are described. The focus of this part is on those integrated circuits where several on-chip power supplies are required. In Part VII, some concluding comments, the appendices, and additional information are provided. 
             This revised and updated material is based on recent research by Renatas Jakushokas and Sel¸cuk K¨ose developed between 2005 and 2010 at the University of Rochester during their doctoral studies under the supervision of Prof. Eby G. Friedman. The emphasis of these newly added chapters is on the complexity of power distribution networks. Models for commonly used meshed and interdigitated interconnect structures are described. These models can be used to accurately and efficiently estimate the resistance and inductance of complex power distribution networks. With these models, on-chip power networks can be efficiently analyzed and designed, greatly enhancing the performance of the overall integrated circuit. 
            The book covers a wide spectrum of issues related to on-chip power distribution networks. The authors believe that this revised edition provides the latest information into what is a quickly changing and highly important topic to both the industrial and academic research and development communities.

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FORTE 2001, formerly FORTE/PSTV conference, is a combined conference of FORTE (Formal Description Techniques for Distributed Systems and Communication Protocols) and PSTV (Protocol Specification, Testing and Verification) conferences. This year the conference has a new name FORTE (Formal Techniques for Networked and Distributed Systems). The previous FORTE began in 1989 and the PSTV conference in 1981. Therefore the new FORTE conference actually has a long history of 21 years. 
              The purpose of this conference is to introduce theories and formal techniques applicable to various engineering stages of networked and distributed systems and to share applications and experiences of them. This FORTE 2001 conference proceedings contains 24 refereed papers and 4 invited papers on the subjects. We regret that many good papers submitted could not be published in this volume due to the lack of space. FORTE 2001 was organized under the auspices of IFIP WG 6.1 by Information and Communications University of Korea. It was financially supported by Ministry of Information and Communication of Korea. 
               We would like to thank every author who submitted a paper to FORTE 2001 and thank the reviewers who generously spent their time on reviewing. Special thanks are due to the reviewers who kindly conducted additional reviews for rigorous review process within a very short time frame. We would like to thank Prof. Guy Leduc, the chairman of IFIP WG 6.1, who made valuable suggestions and shared his experiences for conference organization. 
              This year we have seen exceptionally concerted efforts of the program committee to make FORTE 2001 a successful conference. We thank each one of the program committee for their contribution and cooperation. The enthusiasm and dedication the program committee showed has made us believe that FORTE will remain a prestigious conference with quality and distinction for a long time in the future.

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The purpose of this book is to provide insight and intuition into the behavior and design of power distribution systems with decoupling capacitors for application to high speed integrated circuits. The primary objectives are threefold. First, to describe the impedance characteristics of the overall power distribution system, from the voltage regulator through the printed circuit board and package onto the integrated circuit to the power terminals of the on-chip circuitry. The second objective of this book is to discuss the inductive characteristics of on-chip power distribution grids and the related circuit behavior of these structures. Finally, the third primary objective is to present design methodologies for efficiently placing on-chip decoupling capacitors in nanoscale integrated circuits.
           Technology scaling has been the primary driver behind the amazing performance improvement of integrated circuits over the past several decades. The speed and integration density of integrated circuits have dramatically improved. These performance gains, however, have made distributing power to the on-chip circuitry a difficult task. Highly dense circuitry operating at high clock speeds have increased the distributed current to many tens of amperes, while the noise margin of the power supply has shrunk consistent with decreasing power supply levels. These trends have elevated the problems of power distribution and allocation of the on-chip decoupling capacitors to the forefront of several challenges in developing high performance integrated circuits.
          This book is based on the body of research carried out by Mikhail Popovich from 2001 to 2007 and Andrey V. Mezhiba from 1998 to 2003 at the University of Rochester during their doctoral studies under the supervision of Professor Eby G. Friedman. It is apparent to the authors that although various aspects of the power distribution problem have been addressed in numerous research publications, no text exists that provides a unified focus on power distribution systems and related design problems. Furthermore, the placement of on-chip decoupling capacitors has traditionally been treated as an algorithmic oriented problem. A more electrical perspective, both circuit models and design techniques, has been used in this book for presenting how to efficiently allocate on-chip decoupling capacitors. The fundamental objective of this book is to provide a broad and cohesive treatment of these subjects.
         Another consequence of higher speed and greater integration density has been the emergence of inductance as a significant factor in the behavior of on-chip global interconnect structures. Once clock frequencies exceeded several hundred megahertz, incorporating on-chip inductance into the circuit analysis process became necessary to accurately describe signal delays and waveform characteristics. Although on-chip decoupling capacitors attenuate high frequency signals in power distribution networks, the inductance of the on-chip power interconnect is expected to become a significant factor in multi-gigahertz digital circuits. An important objective of this book, therefore, is to clarify the effects of inductance on the impedance characteristics of on-chip power distribution grids and to provide an understanding of related circuit behavior.
         The organization of the book is consistent with these primary goals. The first eight chapters provide a general description of distributing power in integrated circuits with decoupling capacitors. The challenges of power distribution are introduced and the principles of designing power distribution systems are described. A general background to decoupling capacitors is presented followed by a discussion of the use of a hierarchy of capacitors to improve the impedance characteristics of the power network. An overview of related phenomena, such as inductance and electromigration, is also presented in a tutorial style. The following seven chapters are dedicated to the impedance characteristics of on-chip power distribution networks. The effect of the interconnect inductance on the impedance characteristics of on-chip power distribution networks is investigated. The implications of these impedance characteristics on circuit behavior are also discussed. On-chip power distribution grids are described, exploiting multiple power supply voltages and multiple grounds. Techniques and algorithms for the computer-aided design and  analysis of power distribution networks are also described; however, the emphasis of the book is on developing circuit intuition and understanding the electrical principles that govern the design and operation of power distribution systems. The remaining five chapters focus on the design of a system of on-chip decoupling capacitors. Methodologies for designing power distribution grids with on-chip decoupling capacitors are also presented. These techniques provide a solution for determining the location and magnitude of the on-chip decoupling capacitance to mitigate on-chip voltage fluctuations.

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        This little book is written in the hope that it may be of service to those whose daily work is concerned with the art of transportation, in which electrical traction is to-day so potent a factor. The part it may play to-morrow only the prophet can say.
      The author has endeavored to set forth the general principles of the distribution of electrical energy to moving motors, to describe the methods which experience has shown to be desirable in such work, and to point out the ways in which these principles and methods can be co-ordinated in everyday practice. The art of correctly designing systems of distribution requires, more than anything else, skilled judgment and infinite finesse-, it cannot be reduced to formulae in which these terms do not enter as variables. The most that can be done is to sketch the lines of thought that, followed cautiously and shrewdly, lead to good results. 
      For the most part apparatus is too mutable to describe exhaustively, unless one is writing history. The reader will therefore find little of such detail, save in the frontier region which lies between established tramway practice and that greater field that stretches toward unknown bounds. Along that frontier experiment has blazed paths here and there, and we must note them carefully. We can see whither they lead, but dare not say how far. 
      The best advice that can be given to the engineer is to keep his eyes and ears open and never to let himself get caught out of sight of experimental facts.

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Advances in the miniaturization of microelectromechanical systems have led to battery-powered sensor nodes that have sensing, communication and processing capabilities. These sensor nodes can be networked in an ad hoc manner to perform distributed sensing and information processing. Such ad hoc sensor networks provide greater fault tolerance and sensing accuracy and are typically less expensive compared to the alternative of using only a few large isolated sensors. These networks can also be deployed in inhospitable terrains or in hostile environments to provide continuous monitoring and processing capabilities. 
             A typical sensor network application is inventory tracking in factory warehouses. A single sensor node can be attached to each item in the warehouse. These sensor nodes can then be used for tracking the location of the items as they are moved within the warehouse. They can also provide information on the location of nearby items as well as the history of movement of various items. Once deployed, the sensor network needs very little human intervention and can function autonomously. Another typical application of sensor networks lies in military situations. Sensor nodes can be air-dropped behind enemy lines or in inhospitable terrain. These nodes can self-organize themselves and provide unattended monitoring of the deployed area by gathering information about enemy defenses and equipment, movement of troops, and areas of troop concentration. They can then relay this information back to a friendly base station for further processing and decision making. 
            Sensor nodes are typically characterized by small form-factor, limited battery power, and a small amount of memory. Due to their limited resources, many of the methods developed for the Internet and mobile ad hoc networks cannot be directly applied to sensor networks. A scalable infrastructure is to solve problems such as data routing, self-organization and data dissemination that emerge in sensor networks. This book is focused on a scalable infrastructure for information processing in wireless sensor networks. It addresses the problems of coverage-centric sensor deployment, energy-efficient self-organization, target localization, information dissemination, data routing, and time synchronization.

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As General Chairs it is our pleasure to welcome you to the proceedings of ICDCN 2010, the 11th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking. This series of events started as the International Workshop on Distributed Computing (IWDC) in the year 2000. In view of the growing number of papers both in distributed computing and networking, and the natural synergy between the two areas, in 2006 the workshop series assumed its current name. Since then the conference has grown steadily in its reach and stature. The conference has attracted quality submissions and top speakers annually in the areas of distributed computing and networking from all over the world, thereby strengthening the connection between research in India, which has been on the rise, and the rest of the world. After a foray into Central India in the year 2009, this year the conference returned to the city of Kolkata.

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These proceedings contain papers from the 27th FORTE conference. FORTE (Formal Techniques for Networked and Distributed Systems) is the joint international annual conference combining the former PSTV (Protocol Specification Testing and Verification) and former FORTE (Formal Description Techniques for Distributed Systems and Communication Protocols) conferences. The first PSTV conference took place in 1981, and the first FORTE took place in 1988. They were merged into one larger conference in 1996 and have run under the name of FORTE from 2001. The conference is a forum for presentation and discussion of the state of the art in theory, application, tools, and industrialization of formal methods. Over the years, FORTE has been held in numerous locations, and this is reflected by its recent history, with meetings in Pisa (Italy), Cheju Island (Korea), Houston (USA), Berlin (Germany), Madrid (Spain), Paris (France), Taiwan and now Tallinn, Estonia.

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Power engineering is the oldest and most traditional of the various areas within electrical engineering, yet no other facet of our modern industry is undergoing a more dramatic transformation in both technology and structure. This addition to Taylor & Francis’s Power Engineering Series addresses a cornerstone of that modern revolution: the use of advanced monitoring, computation, and control to improve the reliability and the economy of power delivery to energy consumers.
            As the editor of the Power Engineering Series, I am proud to include Control and Automation of Electric Power Distribution Systems among this important group of books, particularly because James Northcote-Green and Robert Wilson have been close friends for many years; co-workers in whose expertise and extensive knowledge of power distribution and automation technology I have come to respect greatly.
           Traditionally, electric utilities operated power distribution systems on a type of “dead reckoning” basis, with little or no on-line monitoring or remote automation involved. Utility planners “bought” reliability for their customers by using large capacity margins and redundancy of circuits and equipment throughout the network. These long-established power distribution system designs were robust and reasonably reliable, but the utilities, and their customers paid a considerable price for the contingency margins needed to make them so. Modern automation technologies can reduce contingency margins, improve utilization and economy of operation, and even provide improved scheduling and effectiveness of maintenance and service. However, they must be applied well, with the technologies selected to be compatible with the system’s needs, and targeted effectively for maximum impact, and integrated properly into the utilities operations and business enterprise, if the results are to live up to the promise. 
          This book provides the reader with a solid foundation to do exactly that. James Northcote-Green and Robert Wilson have put together well-organized, comprehensive, yet accessible discussion of distribution automation for the 21st-century electric utility. At both the introductory and advanced levels, it provides aboveaverage insight into the capabilities and limitations of control and automation systems, and it helps the reader develop a rich understanding of how and why automation should be used, and of what is realistic in its performance. In particular, readers will find the extensive practical business cases reviewed by the authors useful in helping them evaluate their own needs and justification studies. 
          Like all the books planned for the Power Engineering Series, this book provides modern power technology in a context of proven, practical application; useful as a reference book as well as for self-study and advanced classroom use. Taylor & Francis’s Power Engineering Series will eventually include books covering the entire field of power engineering, in all of its specialties and sub-genres, all aimed at providing practicing power engineers with the knowledge and techniques they need to meet the electric industry’s challenges in the 21st century.

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The book provides practical, how-to guidance on making frequency-domain measurements and modeling and simulating power distribution networks (PDN) and components. Accurate frequency-domain measurements are fraught with difficulties. This book aims to break the measurement process down step by step, highlighting the many pitfalls that can be encountered along the way. Selection of instruments, probes, cables, and calibration processes is explained, and choices are listed and evaluated. The book focuses equal attention on modeling and simulation. In Chapter 2, which is on simulation, a few selected tools are considered, and through practical examples, their strengths and weaknesses are evaluated and parameters and options settings are discussed. Finally, several chapters are devoted to approaches to modeling every aspect of a PDN, including planes, vias, bypass capacitors, inductors, and dc-dc converters. The book focuses on frequency domain characterization exclusively. The reasons behind the book’s focus on frequency domain are numerous and discussed in detail in Chapter 1. Throughout the book you will see an emphasis placed on closing the loop between these three elements of characterization: measurement, modeling, and simulation. Components are characterized using multiple techniques, and the results are compared and the discrepancies discussed. It is through the process of correlation that we show how to develop trust in measurement, modeling, and simulation techniques.
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Neural networks have been established as a general tool for approximation and classification by fitting inputloutput data effectively into nonlinear models. The multilayer perceptron, in which a neuron receives inputs from all the neurons in the adjacent pre-layer, is widely used for function approximation and signal classification. On most occasions it performs quite satisfactorily. However, when the network input is characterized by time-frequency localized features, the generally used multilayer perceptron with unconstrained global connections between the adjacent layers does not work well. In the human visual system there exist example models for dealing with this problem [l]. That is the conception of receptive field, the shape of which can be adapted with the visual input under certain constraints. In the human visual system there are various receptive fields of different shapes. For example, there are Gauss function shaped receptive fields for local smoothing, and Gabor function shaped receptive fields for combining local smoothing and sharpening which provides the function of lateral inhibition. We find that this kind of receptive fields can not be formed automatically by learning without any constraints on the weights in a multilayer perceptron. 
         Wavelet transform is a good model for the receptive fields in the human visual system [2]. Because a wavelet function satisfies the admissibility condition [3], it must be oscillatory across its zero points. Hence, wavelet hctions provide natural models for laterally inhibited receptive fields, which are good at extracting time-frequency localized features. Actually, Gabor function has been widely used in theoretical studies of the primary visual information processing such as lateral inhibition and it can be regarded as a mother wavelet of good time-frequency localization properties. Through dilation and translation a wavelet filter bank can be formed as a group of receptive fields which approximately perform wavelet transforms. Hence, in the design of receptive fields we can benefit from the advanced theory of wavelet transforms. 
         There have been several pieces of work done on combining neural networks with wavelet transforms which perform as the receptive fields of hidden neurons. Szu [4] developed neural network adaptive wavelets for signal representation and classification, and tentatively applied them in phoneme recognition and image compression. Gan [5] proposed a wavelet neural network architecture and applied it to ECG signal classification. Dickhaus [6] and Akay [7] have also studied biomedical signal detection and classification using different wavelet network structures. The key issue in the design of this kind of neural networks is how to obtain optimal sets of dilation and translation parameters (or wavelet parameters). In all the networks mentioned above, continuous wavelet parameters are used and trained by the gradient-descent learning algorithm, or preset and fixed wavelets are applied. Because of the inherent oscillatory property of the wavelet function, learning wavelet parameters is easy to sink into local minima and it is difficult to get the optimal result. In this paper, we use Gabor function to constrain the receptive fields of the hidden neurons so that the lateral inhibition is introduced into the network. Furthermore, discrete wavelets are used and a method for calculating wavelet parameters is proposed to combat the problem of unconvergence in the learning process. 
        The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The neural network formulation is put forward in section 2. Two learning algorithms are proposed in section 3. Simulation studies on ECG signal classification are carried out in section 4, followed by discussions and conclusions in section 5.

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