Ebooks

Adobe Photoshop CS3 Is Khmer Language

កម្មវិធី Adobe Photoshop CS3 ជាកម្មវិធីមួយដែលទើបតែចេញថ្មីក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៨ សំរាប៎ វាផ្តល៎លក្ខណៈងាយស្រួលក្នុងការរចនារូបភាព. ការច្នៃប្រឧិត ឫបង្កើតអ្វីថ្មីៗច្រើនដូចជាៈ
       + ការកែរូបភាពដែលមានស្នាមអុច ជ្រួញ មានដ្នត៎ ប្រឡាប៎ នឹងបំបាត៎នូវអ្វីដែល មិនពេលចិត្តជាដើម
       + បន្ថែម ឬបន្ថយពន្លឺផាត៎ពណ៍ បង្កើត logo នាមវប័ណ្ណ ផ្លាក៎សញ្ញា ឬ Object ផ្សេងៗ
       + ធ្វើការរចនាក្របសៀវភៅ CD,VCD,DVD នឹងផ្ទាំងរូបភាពគ្រប៎ប្រភេទ
       + ធ្វើការកែរូបភាពមានពណ៍ឲមានពណ៍ ស~ខ្មៅ នឹងខ្មៅ~ស ឲទៅពណ៍ធន្មជាតិ
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Formal Techniques for Networked and Distributed Systems – FORTE 2007 By John Derrick & Jüri Vain

These proceedings contain papers from the 27th FORTE conference. FORTE (Formal Techniques for Networked and Distributed Systems) is the joint international annual conference combining the former PSTV (Protocol Specification Testing and Verification) and former FORTE (Formal Description Techniques for Distributed Systems and Communication Protocols) conferences. The first PSTV conference took place in 1981, and the first FORTE took place in 1988. They were merged into one larger conference in 1996 and have run under the name of FORTE from 2001. The conference is a forum for presentation and discussion of the state of the art in theory, application, tools, and industrialization of formal methods. Over the years, FORTE has been held in numerous locations, and this is reflected by its recent history, with meetings in Pisa (Italy), Cheju Island (Korea), Houston (USA), Berlin (Germany), Madrid (Spain), Paris (France), Taiwan and now Tallinn, Estonia.

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CONTROL and AUTOMATION of ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS By James Northcote-Green & Robert Wilson

Power engineering is the oldest and most traditional of the various areas within electrical engineering, yet no other facet of our modern industry is undergoing a more dramatic transformation in both technology and structure. This addition to Taylor & Francis’s Power Engineering Series addresses a cornerstone of that modern revolution: the use of advanced monitoring, computation, and control to improve the reliability and the economy of power delivery to energy consumers.
            As the editor of the Power Engineering Series, I am proud to include Control and Automation of Electric Power Distribution Systems among this important group of books, particularly because James Northcote-Green and Robert Wilson have been close friends for many years; co-workers in whose expertise and extensive knowledge of power distribution and automation technology I have come to respect greatly.
           Traditionally, electric utilities operated power distribution systems on a type of “dead reckoning” basis, with little or no on-line monitoring or remote automation involved. Utility planners “bought” reliability for their customers by using large capacity margins and redundancy of circuits and equipment throughout the network. These long-established power distribution system designs were robust and reasonably reliable, but the utilities, and their customers paid a considerable price for the contingency margins needed to make them so. Modern automation technologies can reduce contingency margins, improve utilization and economy of operation, and even provide improved scheduling and effectiveness of maintenance and service. However, they must be applied well, with the technologies selected to be compatible with the system’s needs, and targeted effectively for maximum impact, and integrated properly into the utilities operations and business enterprise, if the results are to live up to the promise. 
          This book provides the reader with a solid foundation to do exactly that. James Northcote-Green and Robert Wilson have put together well-organized, comprehensive, yet accessible discussion of distribution automation for the 21st-century electric utility. At both the introductory and advanced levels, it provides aboveaverage insight into the capabilities and limitations of control and automation systems, and it helps the reader develop a rich understanding of how and why automation should be used, and of what is realistic in its performance. In particular, readers will find the extensive practical business cases reviewed by the authors useful in helping them evaluate their own needs and justification studies. 
          Like all the books planned for the Power Engineering Series, this book provides modern power technology in a context of proven, practical application; useful as a reference book as well as for self-study and advanced classroom use. Taylor & Francis’s Power Engineering Series will eventually include books covering the entire field of power engineering, in all of its specialties and sub-genres, all aimed at providing practicing power engineers with the knowledge and techniques they need to meet the electric industry’s challenges in the 21st century.

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Frequency-Domain Characterization of Power Distribution Networks By Istvan Novak Jason R. Miller

The book provides practical, how-to guidance on making frequency-domain measurements and modeling and simulating power distribution networks (PDN) and components. Accurate frequency-domain measurements are fraught with difficulties. This book aims to break the measurement process down step by step, highlighting the many pitfalls that can be encountered along the way. Selection of instruments, probes, cables, and calibration processes is explained, and choices are listed and evaluated. The book focuses equal attention on modeling and simulation. In Chapter 2, which is on simulation, a few selected tools are considered, and through practical examples, their strengths and weaknesses are evaluated and parameters and options settings are discussed. Finally, several chapters are devoted to approaches to modeling every aspect of a PDN, including planes, vias, bypass capacitors, inductors, and dc-dc converters. The book focuses on frequency domain characterization exclusively. The reasons behind the book’s focus on frequency domain are numerous and discussed in detail in Chapter 1. Throughout the book you will see an emphasis placed on closing the loop between these three elements of characterization: measurement, modeling, and simulation. Components are characterized using multiple techniques, and the results are compared and the discrepancies discussed. It is through the process of correlation that we show how to develop trust in measurement, modeling, and simulation techniques.
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Learning Algorithms for a Neural network with Laterally Inhibited Receptive Fields By IEEE Neural Networks Council

Neural networks have been established as a general tool for approximation and classification by fitting inputloutput data effectively into nonlinear models. The multilayer perceptron, in which a neuron receives inputs from all the neurons in the adjacent pre-layer, is widely used for function approximation and signal classification. On most occasions it performs quite satisfactorily. However, when the network input is characterized by time-frequency localized features, the generally used multilayer perceptron with unconstrained global connections between the adjacent layers does not work well. In the human visual system there exist example models for dealing with this problem [l]. That is the conception of receptive field, the shape of which can be adapted with the visual input under certain constraints. In the human visual system there are various receptive fields of different shapes. For example, there are Gauss function shaped receptive fields for local smoothing, and Gabor function shaped receptive fields for combining local smoothing and sharpening which provides the function of lateral inhibition. We find that this kind of receptive fields can not be formed automatically by learning without any constraints on the weights in a multilayer perceptron. 
         Wavelet transform is a good model for the receptive fields in the human visual system [2]. Because a wavelet function satisfies the admissibility condition [3], it must be oscillatory across its zero points. Hence, wavelet hctions provide natural models for laterally inhibited receptive fields, which are good at extracting time-frequency localized features. Actually, Gabor function has been widely used in theoretical studies of the primary visual information processing such as lateral inhibition and it can be regarded as a mother wavelet of good time-frequency localization properties. Through dilation and translation a wavelet filter bank can be formed as a group of receptive fields which approximately perform wavelet transforms. Hence, in the design of receptive fields we can benefit from the advanced theory of wavelet transforms. 
         There have been several pieces of work done on combining neural networks with wavelet transforms which perform as the receptive fields of hidden neurons. Szu [4] developed neural network adaptive wavelets for signal representation and classification, and tentatively applied them in phoneme recognition and image compression. Gan [5] proposed a wavelet neural network architecture and applied it to ECG signal classification. Dickhaus [6] and Akay [7] have also studied biomedical signal detection and classification using different wavelet network structures. The key issue in the design of this kind of neural networks is how to obtain optimal sets of dilation and translation parameters (or wavelet parameters). In all the networks mentioned above, continuous wavelet parameters are used and trained by the gradient-descent learning algorithm, or preset and fixed wavelets are applied. Because of the inherent oscillatory property of the wavelet function, learning wavelet parameters is easy to sink into local minima and it is difficult to get the optimal result. In this paper, we use Gabor function to constrain the receptive fields of the hidden neurons so that the lateral inhibition is introduced into the network. Furthermore, discrete wavelets are used and a method for calculating wavelet parameters is proposed to combat the problem of unconvergence in the learning process. 
        The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The neural network formulation is put forward in section 2. Two learning algorithms are proposed in section 3. Simulation studies on ECG signal classification are carried out in section 4, followed by discussions and conclusions in section 5.

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SUBMODULAR FUNCTIONS AND ELECTRICAL NETWORKS By H. Narayanan

This book has grown out of an attempt to understand the role that the topology of an electrical network plays in its eacient analysis. The approach taken is to transform the problem of solving a network with a given topology, to that of solving another with a different topology (and same devices), but with additional inputs and constraints. An instance of this approach is network analysis by multiport decomposition - breaking up a network into multiports, solving these in terms of port variables and finally imposing the port connection conditions and getting the complete solution. The motivation for our approach is that of building more efficient circuit simulators, whether they are to run singly or in parallel. Some of the ideas contained in the book have already been implemented - BITSIM, the general purpose circuit simulator built at the VLSI Design Centre, I.I.T. Bombay, is based on the ‘topological hybrid analysis’ contained in this book and can further be adapted to use topological decomposition ideas. 

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Distributed Control of Robotic Networks By Francesco Bullo Jorge Cort´es Sonia Mart´ınez

Recent years have witnessed a thriving research activity on cooperative control and motion coordination. This interest is motivated by the growing possibilities enabled by robotic networks in the monitoring of natural phenomena and the enhancement of human capabilities in hazardous and unknown environments. 
      Our first objective in this book is to present a coherent introduction to basic distributed algorithms for robotic networks. This emerging discipline sits at the intersection of different areas such as distributed algorithms, parallel processing, control, and estimation. Our second objective is to provide a self-contained, broad exposition of the notions and tools from these areas that are relevant in cooperative control problems. These concepts include graph-theoretic notions (connectivity, adjacency, and Laplacian matrices), distributed algorithms from computer science (leader election, basic tree computations) and from parallel processing (averaging algorithms, convergence rates), and geometric models and optimization (Voronoi partitions, proximity graphs). Our third objective is to put forth a model for robotic networks that helps to rigorously formalize coordination algorithms running on them. We illustrate how computational geometry plays an important role in modeling the interconnection topology of robotic networks. We draw on classical notions from distributed algorithms to provide complexity measures that characterize the execution of coordination algorithms. Such measures allow us to quantify the algorithm performance and implementation costs. Our fourth and last objective is to present various algorithms for coordination tasks such as connectivity maintenance, rendezvous, and deployment. We especially emphasize the analysis of the correctness and of the complexity of the proposed algorithms. The technical treatment combines controltheoretic tools such as Lyapunov functions and invariance principles with techniques from computer science and parallel processing, such as induction and message counting.

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Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book Bu Electrical Systems Technology Institute

Fifty-five year ago.the Central Station Engineering Group Of Westinghouse Electric Company First Published a book focused on the practical application of electrical engineering to the transportation and delivery of electric power.the Electrical transmission and distribution Reference Book proved to be a simple .practical ,and useful reference book for electric utility engineers as wall as electrical equipment designers.three generations of power engineers have used what has become popularly known as the "T&D Book" both as a core technical  system design and operation.

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Electrical Distribution Systems By Dale R. Patrick Stephen W. Fardo

Electrical Distribution Systems (2nd Edition) is an introductory guidebook for self study or for use as a textbook in technical programs in electrical technology at vocational/technical schools, industrial training programs or college technical programs. The book uses a “systems” format to teach electrical distribution and associated power system concepts. Key concepts are presented by stressing applications-oriented theory. Through this approach, the student is not burdened with an abundance of information needed primarily for engineering design. “Real world” applications and operations are stressed throughout the book. Mathematical problems are solved by basic algebraic and trigonometric applications. There are few texts on the market dealing with the topic of electrical distribution systems that are applications-oriented. Some texts discuss the engineering design of systems; however, the intent of this book is to describe electrical distribution and associated power system operation from a technician’s point of view. Chapter 13 Distribution System Considerations provides an important overview of the economic, environmental and power quality requirements. Many illustrations and photos of actual equipment and systems are included in the book. 
            Concepts are presented in this book through an “Electrical Power Systems” model which includes power distribution as a key element. The other subsystems of this model are important associated systems to provide a comprehensive understanding of electrical distribution systems. The five subsystems of the electrical power systems model include: electrical power production, electrical power distribution, electrical power control, electrical power conversion, and electrical power measurement. 
          A limited understanding of basic electrical terms is assumed in the organization of this book. However Appendix A Important Terms is included to provide assistance in defining basic electrical Terms that may be used when dealing with electrical power systems.
         Through this comprehensive “systems” approach, the reader will gain a more complete understanding of electrical distribution systems. The authors have used this instructional method in teaching classes dealing with electrical power systems for over 35 years in a university technical program. We want to thank Brian W. Fardo, who teaches at Berea College, for his assistance in the revision of this book. He has an extensive background in technology systems. 
         We would also like to thank the many companies that have provided information and photographs to enhance the textbook. 

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Guide to Electrical Power Distribution Systems By Anthony J. Pansini

This edition continues the practice of updating its contents to reflect changes affecting electric distribution systems. It continues its original role of providing information in a non or semi technical manner to persons working on such systems enabling them to perform their duties in an enlightened way. This contributes not only to a greater quality of production, but more importantly, with greater safety to themselves and the general public, the consumers they serve. 
           While the effects of deregulation have been more pronounced on the generation and transmission components of the supply chain, it has also had an impact on the distribution system with its cogeneration and distributed generation features.
           Improvement in materials and methods continue to contribute to the economic and environmental betterment enjoyed by consumers. Predominant among these include the gradual replacement of heavier porcelain insulators with polymer (plastic) ones, the employment of insulated bucket vehicles making climbing with the use of spikes a lost art. Improvements in “solid” type insulation in cables, and more efficient machinery for placing them underground. Thus narrowing the economic differences between overhead and underground installations.
           The distribution system is the most visible part of the supply chain, and as such the most exposed to the critical observation of its users. It is, in many cases, the largest investment, maintenance and operation expense, and the object of interest to government, financial agencies, and “watch dog” associations of concerned citizens. As such, the desirability of knowing how and why it is so constituted becomes obvious. 
            Distribution systems have also been affected by deregulation, although not in the same manner as transmission systems, Figure P-1 (opposite). Where additional transmission or generation was not available or too great an expense to supply some additional loads, Distributed Generation made its entry on Distribution Systems. Here, small generating units usually powered by small gas turbines (although other units such as wind powered, solar, fuel cells, etc. may be involved) are connected to the system as are cogeneration units, both with possible hazard to safety. 
            These notes were begun in the early 1940’s as classroom material, part of a rapid training program for line personnel. The program was highly successful, reflected in greater safety and production among other benefits, and achieved national attention. 
           Once again, our thanks to our old friends, Ken Smalling and The Fairmont Press for their help and support.
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Electrical Distribution Engineering By Anthony J. Pansini

The steady improvements to the electric distribution systems have been joined by new concepts that include generation, conservation and storage of electricity, part of the Energy Policy Act dictated by Congress in 2005. The act recognizes changes in factors affecting the generation of electric energy and now includes the field of its distribution. These include increasing concerns for the environment (global warming, etc.), the ever widening gap in the supply and demand for fossil fuels (mostly oil, brought about in part by the modernization and industrialization of such countries as China and India), reflected by the rising prices of these commodities as well as by the declining availability of capital for their required development.
       The act spells out in some detail plans for the use of replenishible “green” fuels and for conservation of existing ones. Involved are such “exotic” fuels as wind, sunshine (solar energy), geothermal (volcanic hot springs, etc.) hydro plants, and natural gas (methane). The last is actually a non-replenishible fossil fuel, but as its emissions are relatively clean, it is included as a preference to coal and oil. The act also includes suggestions and regulations as well as incentives and penalties for its compliance, especially as they pertain to the so-called “green” fuels.
       Relatively new modes of operation as cogeneration and distributed generation are included in furthering the goals of the Energy Policy Act that will more fully engage the cooperation and coordination of the distribution engineer with the requirements of the consumer.
       And so, the distribution engineer, while keeping his weather eye on innovations and improvements in materials and methods, now enters solidly into the field of power generation from “green” fuels added to those of cogeneration and distributed generation. What next?
       A Texas-size thank you is extended to friends and former colleagues Richard E. Gibbons and Kenneth W. Smalling, and to The Fairmont Press for their aid and encouragement. And no less for her patience and understanding to my beloved wife of sixty years.
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ManagingVirtualization of Networks and Services by Alexander Clemm Lisandro Zambenedetti Granville Rolf Stadler

This volume of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science series contains all papers accepted for presentation at the 18th IFIP/IEEE International Workshop on Distributed Systems: Operations and Management (DSOM 2007), which was held in the heart of Silicon Valley, San Jose, California, USA, on October 29–31, 2007. 
             DSOM 2007 was the 18th event in a series of annual workshops. It followed in the footsteps of previous successful meetings, the most recent of which were held in Dublin, Ireland (DSOM 2006), Barcelona, Spain (DSOM 2005), Davis, California, USA (DSOM 2004), Heidelberg, Germany (DSOM 2003), and Montreal, Canada (DSOM 2002). The goal of the DSOM workshops is to bring together researchers from industry and academia working in the areas of networks, systems, and service management, to discuss recent advances and foster future growth. In contrast to the larger management conferences, such as IM (Integrated Network Management) and NOMS (Network Operations and Management Symposium), DSOM workshops have a single-track program in order to stimulate more intense interaction among participants. 
          The theme of DSOM 2007 was “Managing Virtualization of Networks and Services”. Virtualization, in which the properties of a service are decoupled from its physical realization over networking and IT infrastructure, is capturing the imagination of industry and the research community alike. Questions need to be addressed such as: what is different about virtualization in 2007 compared with virtualization in the mainframe era, which advances in network control and selfmanagement may advance virtualization technologies, which new problems will we incur when managing virtualized networks and services, and in which ways may management itself benefit from virtualization. At the same time, DSOM 2007 continued its tradition of giving a platform to papers that address general topics related to the management of distributed systems. As a result, DSOM 2007 included sessions on decentralized and peer-to-peer management, fault detection and diagnosis, performance tuning and dimensioning, problem detection and mitigation, operations and tools, service accounting and auditing, and Web services and management as well as a session with short papers. 
           Like the previous two DSOM workshops, DSOM 2007 was co-located with several related events as part of the Third International Week on Management of Networks and Services (MANWEEK 2007). The other events were the 10th IFIP/IEEE International Conference on Management of Multimedia and Mobile Networks and Services (MMNS 2007), the 7th IEEE International Workshop on IP Operations and Management (IPOM 2007), the 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Modeling Autonomic Communications Environments (MACE 2007), and the 1st IEEE/IFIP International Workshop on End-to-End Virtualization and Grid Management (EVGM 2007). Co-locating those events provided the opportunity for an exchange of ideas between research communities that work on related topics, allowing participants to forge links and exploit synergies. 
          DSOM 2007 attracted a total of 54 paper submissions by authors from 21 different countries. Each paper received at least three, and in most cases four, reviews by experts in the field. The authors were invited to write a rebuttal to the reviews. The final paper selection was based on the reviews, the authors’ feedback, and (in some cases) online discussions among Technical Program Committee members. A total of 20 submissions were finally accepted into the program as full papers, 5 as short papers. 
         DSOM 2007 owes its success in large part to a dedicated community of researchers from academia and industry, which has formed over many years. First and foremost, we want to thank the authors of the submitted papers – without them, there would be no program. We also want to thank the members of the Technical Program Committee and the additional reviewers for their constructive and detailed reviews. A big “thank you” goes to Tom Pfeifer, our publications chair, who played a big part in creating these proceedings. Finally, we want to thank our patrons, Cisco Systems and France Telecom, whose financial support was essential to making DSOM 2007 a great event.  

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0ROTECTIONOF%LECTRICITY $ISTRIBUTION.ETWORKS BY Alanna Stang Christopher Hawthorne

The quality of electricity supplies is an important factor in the socio-economic development of any area. Approximately 75 per cent of all customer hours lost are owing to faults on the distribution networks, and customers rightly expect a high level of security for their supply. Although this can be achieved by good distribution network design using proven equipment, it is also essential to provide suitable protection schemes and relay settings to ensure that faults are quickly disconnected to minimise outage times and improve the continuity of supplies to customers. 
         With this in mind this book has been produced as a reference guide for professional engineers and students. It is hoped that the many detailed examples and exercises throughout the book, which the authors have taken from actual case studies in the field, will provide worthwhile material for planning and design engineers and maintenance staff, particularly those engaged in the co-ordination and setting of protection on distribution systems. 
         The book is based on original material by Mr Gers and translated from the Spanish by Mr Holmes. Subsequently the authors have expanded the text considerably and added much up to date material. It is our view that in the process the continuous dialogue between the co-authors from differing backgrounds and experiences has led to a deeper exploration of the subject matter. 
         Thanks are due to the University of Valle and the Colombian Institute of Sciences (COLCIENCIAS) for financial help; The British Council for continuing support during many years of institutional exchange; C. Delgado for his valuable comments on the initial manuscripts and our colleagues at GERS Ltd. for their ideas and assistance; F. Pacheco in producing the diagrams; Professor K.L. Lo at Strathclyde University for his guidance, and Stephen and Philip Holmes for sharing so generously their computer expertise. In addition, the authors have been most grateful for the help received from many sources and the permission, readily given, by various organisations to include copyright material which is acknowledged in the text. Finally, we wish to acknowledge the considerable support and understanding that we have received from our wives Pilar and Maggie throughout the four years of work on this book.

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Globally Distributed Enterprise Network Architecture

Definitions
• Small company, wide scope
• Large company, continuous operations
• Design for maximum effect with minimum effort
• Operating and extending a network for one company
• Designing and supporting distributed networks as consultant
• Building and operating network as a service D

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Adobe Photoshop CS4 is Khmer Language

កម្មវិធី Adobe Photoshop CS4 ជាកម្មវិធីមួយដែលទើបតែចេញថ្មីក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៨ សំរាប៎ វាផ្តល៎លក្ខណៈងាយស្រួលក្នុងការរចនារូបភាព. ការច្នៃប្រឧិត ឫបង្កើតអ្វីថ្មីៗច្រើនដូចជាៈ
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Adobe Photoshop CS2 is Khmer Language

កម្មវិធី Adobe Photoshop CS2 ជាកម្មវិធីមួយដែលទើបតែចេញថ្មីក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៨ សំរាប៎ វាផ្តល៎លក្ខណៈងាយស្រួលក្នុងការរចនារូបភាព. ការច្នៃប្រឧិត ឫបង្កើតអ្វីថ្មីៗច្រើនដូចជាៈ
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Kinetics of first Other Phase Transitions Bu Vitaly V Slezov

Phase transitions of first-order are phenomena, widely occurring in nature. Among them are: evaporation and condensation, melting and solidification, sublimation and condensation into a solid phase, some structural transitions in the solid state, transitions connected with the decomposition into different phases in multicomponent liquid and solid systems, etc. 
              The classical explanation of the questions why and when phase transitions of first-order take place was based on thermodynamic concepts, which has been developed already more than hundred years ago. In the first half of the 20th century, huge efforts have been undertaken to determine not only why and when the phase transition takes place, but how it proceeds. To answer this question not only thermodynamics but also kinetic theories had to be developed and applied. An example was the classical theory of nucleation of the evolving phase which goes back to the 30th of the last century and is due to Becker and Döring, Kaischew and Stranski, Frenkel and Zeldovich and others. 
               First-order phase transformations in a system starting from a metastable initial state proceed via the new-phase nucleation mechanism. The kinetics of such phase transformation can be usually divided into three stages. Let us consider a system supersaturated with certain species inducing a diffusive mass transfer (e.g. by the atoms of a dissolved material in the process of precipitation of other phases from a supersaturated solid or liquid solution; or by vacancies and interstitial atoms in the growth of pores and dislocation loops, or by the atoms of a gas in the growth of gas-filled bubbles etc.). The first stages of decomposition, when the supersaturation, for example, with point defects is large enough, is characterized by intensive generation of viable nucleation centers larger than some critical size. At this stage, the amount of material in the nucleation centers is small, compared with that in the solution, and the supersaturation is essentially constant. 
              The second transient, or intermediate, stage of the decomposition process begins when the amount of material in the new phase becomes comparable with the initial quantity thus resulting in a decrease of the supersaturation. At this stage, the number of precipitates is practically constant and the volume of the new phase increases mainly through the independent growth of the precipitates. 
              Finally at the third, late stage of the phase transition, when the already formed aggregates of the newly evolving phase become large enough to allow to essentially decrease the supersaturation, surface tension and the conservation laws for atom species or point defects begin to play a crucial role in the phase transformation, thus resulting in a specific mechanism of the kinetics of new phase growth. This stage of the phase transformation was originally discovered in the analysis of decomposition of metastable solutions by Ostwald in 1900. This late stage of diffusive decomposition of dispersed systems is characterized by an increase in the mean size of new phase macroscopic centers, as a result of diffusive mass transfer from the smaller- to the larger-sized centers, the larger-sized centers “devouring” the smaller ones. From a thermodynamic point of view, this behavior is due to a decrease of the free energy of the system as a consequence of a reduction of the interfacial area and the surface energy contributions to the thermodynamic functions. Stochastic generation of new stable nucleation centers at this stage is highly improbable since they must be macroscopic in size. A considerable “diffusive” interaction between grown-up centers of the new phase appears, since each particular center “feels” the self-consistent diffusion field of the entire ensemble of point- and macrospecies of the new phase. 
              This phenomenon is commonly denoted as “Ostwald ripening” or, more frequently, as “coarsening”, or sometimes as “coalescence”, though the latter term is, in fact, inadequate. Although the late stage of the phase transition (or decomposition of the originally existing phase), determined by the diffusive interaction between new phase centers, has been analyzed by many authors, an incomplete set of equations has usually been solved, giving size distribution functions which did not obey the law of conservation of point defects. The detailed kinetics of a dispersed system cannot be revealed within such a reduced theoretical framework. The author, together with I.M. Lifshitz, had the opportunity to work out the theory of this late stage in the 50th of the last century giving a first correct solution of these highly non-linear problems. 
             The book presents the complete description of all three stages of first-order phase transitions, thus allowing one to model the whole course of the first-order phase transition kinetics. Special attention is given to transient stages in nucleation characterized by the establishment of steady-state conditions of nucleation and the determination of the time required for its approach and period of existence of the different stages of the nucleation-growth process. 
           Phase transformation processes may also proceed through the process of spinodal decomposition of an initially unstable phase. To this end the system should be quickly driven into the totally unstable state. The last chapter of the book deals with the kinetics of the spinodal decomposition. It is interesting that also in this case the whole process can be subdivided into three stages, in some way analogous to the transition in metastable system. Moreover, it is shown that both nucleation-growth and spinodal decomposition processes can be described in a unique way in terms of a generalized cluster model accounting appropriately for both size and composition (or density) changes of the clusters of the newly evolving phase in the course of their evolution to the respective macrophases. 
          The theoretical results obtained are illustrated in the book by experimental evidences. First of all it concerns the processes of phase decomposition in multicomponent systems, including isotope mixtures of solid helium. 
          In the course of the work on different aspects of the kinetics of phase formation, I had the pleasure to work together with a number of colleagues. To all of them I would like to express here my sincere thanks. In particular, it is a pleasure to thank the Scientific Editor of this book, Dr. Jürn W. P. Schmelzer, for his advices and gracious assistance in so many ways in the preparation of the present book for publication.
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PERFORMANCE-BASED EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING WITH THE FIRST-ORDER RELIABILITY METHOD

 I take this opportunity to thank, first and foremost, my advisor, Dr.Terje Haukaas. I am grateful for his confidence in my potential, generosity with his time, and continuous encouragement to improve my research abilities. It has been a privilege to be his student and be a part of his research vision. I would not have come this far without his support in all my endeavours. 
          Also, I express gratitude towards my supervisory committee members, Dr.Elwood, Dr.Foschi, and Dr.Sexsmith for their unwavering support throughout my doctoral studies. I am grateful for the exposure to their vast and varied expertise through the reliability seminars. Special thanks to Dr.Ventura for lending structural drawings of an existing high-rise building in Vancouver. The funding provided by National Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) through Canada Graduate Scholarship is gratefully acknowledged. 
         I would like to thank my fellow graduate students, in particular, Babak, Jose, Kate, Soheil, Martin, Hugon, Freddy, and Armin, for sharing my journey through the graduate studies. I cannot forget to mention Vignesh, Kari, and Chris for the graduate life outside research. Finally, this work would be impossible without the strength and courage of my mother, who encouraged me to pursue Civil Engineering, my sister, and the patience of my husband through the long years of my graduate studies. 
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On the Expressive Power of First-Other Logic with Built in Predicates By Nicole Schweikardt

In computational complexity theory the complexity of a problem is measured by the amount of time or space resources that are necessary gor solving a problem on an (idealized) computational device such as a Turing machine.  
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On Pain of Speech Fantasies of the First Order and the Literary Rant By Dina Al-Kassim

My thanks go out to all the friends, colleagues, and anonymous readers whose insight and care have supported and encouraged my writing. For intellectual sustenance I thank Samirah Alkassim, John Culbert, Ali Dadgar, Lara Deeb, Jonathan Mark Harrington Hall, Donna Jones, Dan Katz, Eric Peterson, Kavita Philip, Jon Platania, Targol Mesbah, Ute Hugo Rupp, Ward Smith, Rei Terada, and Christine Wertheim. Ali Dadgar graciously permitted me to use as cover art his painting, an image that has accompanied my imagination of the central argument of this book. 
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Handbook of First order Partial Differential Equations By A.D. Polyallin, Y.F Zaitsev and A. MOllss;a!lX

First order partial differential equations are encountered in various fields of science and numerous applications (differential geometry, analytical mechanics, solid mechanics, gas dynamics, geometric optics, wave theory, heat and mass transfer, multi phase flows, control theory, differential games, calculus of variations, dynamic programming, chemical engineering sciences, etc.). 
          Exact (closed-fonn) solutions of differential equations play an important role in the proper understanding of qualitative features of many phenomena and processes in various areas of natural science. They can be used to verify the consistency and estimate errors of various numerical, asymptotic, and approximate methods. 
          The book contains about 3000 first order partial differential equations with solutions. Many new exact solutions to linear and nonlinear equations are included (a large portion of these solutions was constructed by "recalculating" the corresponding results obtained by the authors over the last decade in the field of ordinary differential equations). Special attention is paid to equations of general form which depend on arbitrary functions. Other equations contain one or more fr~e parameters (lhe book actually deals with families of differential equations); it is the reader's option to fix these parameters. A number of differential equations are considered which are encountered in various fields of applied mathematics, mechanics, physics, control theory, and engineering sciences. Totally, the number of equations described is several times greater than in any other book available. 
           The handbook consists of chapters, sections, and subsections. The equations within a subsection are arranged in the increasing order of complexity. An extensive table of contents provides rapid access to the desired equations. 
          Each chapter opens with a "Preliminary Remarks" section, which briefly outlines basic analytical methods for solving the corresponding types of differential equations and presents specific examples. Both classical (smooth) and generalized (nonsmooth, discontinuous) solutions of the Cauchy problem for nonlinear equations are considered. To meet the demands of a wider readership with diverse mathematical backgrounds, the authors tried to avoid the use of special terminology wherever possible. Therefore, some of the methods are outlined in a schematic and somewhat simplified manner, with necessary references made to books where these methods are considered in more detail. 
          The main material is followed by a supplement which presents CONVODE, a specialized software package for solving ordinary differential equations and first order partial differential equations analytically. The reader can get access to CONVODE via e-mail.
         We would like to express our deep gratitude to Dr. Alexei Zhurov for useful remarks and invaluable help in preparing the camera-ready copy of the book and to Prof. Arik Melikyan for fruitful discussion of Sections 14.1 and 15.1. We also thank Richard Mairesse of the FUNDP computing center for helpful comments, maintaning Reduce, and more. 
        The authors hope that the handbook will prove helpful for a wide readership of researchers, college and university teachers, engineers, and students in various fields of applied mathematics, mechanics, physics, optimal control, differential garnes, and engineering sciences. 
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Linear Feedback Control Analysis and Design with Matlab By Dingy¨u Xue, YangQuan Chen, Derek P. Atherton

  It is well known that the benefits from control engineering are numerous including the improved product/life quality, minimized waste materials, reduced pollution, increased safety and reduced energy consumption etc. One can observe that the notion of feedback and control plays an important role in most socio-technological aspects. A slogan, “Control Will Be the Physics of the 21st Century”, appeared in a plenary session of the 40th IEEE International Conference on Decision and Control (Dec. 2001, Orlando, FL., USA), suggests that at least all engineering students should take a first course on systems control.
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Low Power Design with High Level Power Estimation and Power Aware Synthesis By Sumit Ahuja and Avinash Lakshminarayana and Sandeep K. Shukla

       

Designing low-power computing hardware has always been a priority since the early 1990s. The famous graph drawn by Intel’s Shekhar Borkar is now imprinted in the minds of designers. It was realized that as the clock speed is scaled from mega hertz to giga hertz, the heat density on the surface of silicon chip would compare with that of rocket nozzles to the surface of the sun. Computing in today’s era has become pervasive in the form of handheld devices, smart phones, tablet computers, and most importantly bio implantable devices. Borker’s graph aptiy captures the need for reducing heat dissipation subsequently battery life conservation. The battery life of devices that are implanted inside one’s body must be sufficient to not require surgical substitution every few years. The wireless sensor network technology deployed for reconnaissance purposes by the military or for disaster management scenarios also brought in the requirement of long battery life despite the energy expensive communication functionalities.
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Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB® Applications By Steven T arris

This text is written for use in a second course in circuit analysis. The reader of this book should have the traditional undergraduate knowledge of an introductory circuit analysis material such as Circuit Analysis I with MATLAB® Applications by this author. Another prerequisite would be knowledge of differential equations, and in most cases, engineering students at this level have taken all required mathematics courses. It encompasses a spectrum of subjects ranging from the most abstract to the most practical, and the material can be covered in one semester or two quarters. Appendix B serves as a review of differential equations with emphasis on engineering related topics and it is recommended for readers who may need a review of this subject. 
                  There are several textbooks on the subject that have been used for years. The material of this book is not new, and this author claims no originality of its content. This book was written to fit the needs of the average student. Moreover, it is not restricted to computer oriented circuit analysis. While it is true that there is a great demand for electrical and computer engineers, especially in the internet field, the demand also exists for power engineers to work in electric utility companies, and facility engineers to work in the industrial areas.                  
                Chapter 1 is an introduction to second order circuits and it is essentially a sequel to first order circuits that were discussed in the last chapter of as Circuit Analysis I with MATLAB® Applications. Chapter 2 is devoted to resonance, and Chapter 3 presents practical methods of expressing signals in terms of the elementary functions, i.e., unit step, unit ramp, and unit impulse functions. Thus, any signal can be represented in the compex frequency domain using the Laplace transformation. 
               Chapters 4 and 5 are introductions to the unilateral Laplace transform and Inverse Laplace transform respectively, while Chapter 6 presents several examples of analyzing electric circuits using Laplace transformation methods. Chapter 7 begins with the frequency response concept and Bode magnitude and frequency plots. Chapter 8 is devoted to transformers with an introduction to self and mutual inductances. Chapter 9 is an introduction to one- and two-terminal devices and presents several practical examples. Chapter 10 is an introduction to three-phase circuits.
              It is not necessary that the reader has previous knowledge of MATLAB®. The material of this text can be learned without MATLAB. However, this author highly recommends that the reader studies this material in conjunction with the inexpensive MATLAB Student Version package that is available at most college and university bookstores. Appendix A of this text provides a practical introduction to MATLAB. As shown on the front cover of this text the magnitude and phase plots can be easily obtained with a one line MATLAB code. Moreover, MATLAB will be invaluable in later studies such as the design of analog and digital filters. As stated above, Appendix B is a review of differential equations. Appendix C is an introduction to matrices, Appendix D provides instructions on constructing semilog templates to be used with Bode plots, and Appendix E discusses scaling methods. 
              In addition to numerous real-world examples, this text contains several exercises at the end of each chapter. Detailed solutions of all exercises are provided at the end of each chapter. The rationale is to encourage the reader to solve all exercises and check his effort for correct solutions and appropriate steps in obtaining the correct solution. And since this text was written to serve as a self-study or supplementary textbook, it provides the reader with a resource to test his knowledge. 
            The author has accumulated many additional problems for homework assignment and these are available to those instructors who adopt this text either as primary or supplementary text, and prefer to assign problems without the solutions. He also has accumulated many sample exams. 
            The author is indebted to the class of the Spring semester of 2001 at San Jose State University, San Jose, California, for providing several of the examples and exercises of this text. 
           Like any other new book, this text may contain some grammar and typographical errors. Accordingly, all feedback for errors, advice, and comments will be most welcomed and greatly appreciated.
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Switch Mode Power Supply Simulation By Steven M Sandler

The predecessor volume of this book was published in 1996. In the years since then, some things have changed and some have not. 

Computational Mathematics Models,Methods and Analysis with Matlab And Mpi By Robert E White

This book evolved from the need to migrate computational science into undergraduate education. It is intended for students who have had basic physics, programming, matrices and multivariable calculu.
      The choice of topics in the book has been influenced by the Undergraduate Computational Engineering and Science Project (a United States Department of Energy funded e ort), which was a series of meetings during the 1990s. These meetings focused on the nature and content for computational science undergraduate education. They were attended by a diverse group of science and engineering teachers and professionals, and the continuation of some of these activities can be found at the Krell Institute, http://www.krellinst.org. Variations of Chapters 1-4 and 6 have been taught at North Carolina State University in fall semesters since 1992. The other four chapters were developed in 2002 and taught in the 2002-03 academic year.
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Fundamentals of Power Electronics with Matlab By Randall Shaffer

The CD-ROM that accompanies the book may be used on a single Computer only.The license does not permit the use on a network (of ana kind).You further agree that this license grants permission to use the products contained herein,but does not give you right of ownership to any of the content or product contained on this CD-ROM.Use of third Party software contained on this CD-ROM is limited to and subject to licensing terms for the respective products.  
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Design with Climate Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism By Olgyay Victor

The problem of controlling his environment and creating condition favorable to his aims and activities is as old as man himself.Through the ages man have sought,in the building of shelter.to fulfill two basic human needs protection from  the elements and provision of an atmosphere favorable to spiritual endeavor.House design has reflected.Throughout its history,the different solutions advanced by each   period to the continuing problem of securing a small controlled environment within a large scale natural setting too often beset ny adverse forces of cold,heat,wind,water,and sum
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Linear Control Systems Analysis And Design with Matlab By John J. D’Azzo and Constantine H. Houpis

Many textbooks have been written on control engineering, describing new techniques for controlling systems, or new and better ways of mathematically formulating existing methods to solve the ever-increasing complex problems faced by practicing engineers. However, few of these books fully address the applications aspects of control engineering. It is the intention of this new series to redress this situation. 
          The series will stress applications issues, and not just the mathematics of control engineering. It will provide texts that present not only both new and well-established techniques, but also detailed examples of the application of these methods to the solution of real-world problems.The authors will be drawn from both the academic world and the relevant applications sectors. 
         There are already many exciting examples of the application of control techniques in the established fields of electrical, mechanical (including aerospace), and chemical engineering.We have only to look around in today’s highly automated society to see the use of advanced robotics techniques in the manufacturing industries; the use of automated control and navigation systems in air and surface transport systems; the increasing use of intelligent control systems in the many artifacts available to the domestic consumer market; and the reliable supply of water, gas, and electrical power to the domestic consumer and to industry. However, there are currently many challenging problems that could benefit from wider exposure to the applicability of control methodologies, and the systematic systems-oriented basis inherent in the application of control techniques. 
        This series presents books that draw on expertise from both the academic world and the applications domains, and will be useful not only as academically recommended course texts but also as handbooks for practitioners in many applications domains. Linear Control System Analysis and Design with MATLAB is another outstanding entry in Dekker’s Control Engineering series.
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Micromechatronics Modeling,Analysis,and Design with Matlab By Giurgiutiu Victor

This book reports and covers comprehensive, consistent, and coherent studies on mechatronic and electromechanical systems. We have strived to address, deliver, and cover a spectrum of major opportunities and challenges in electromechanics, mechatronics, and electromechanical systems. We span transformative educational and research activities focused on application and utilization of recent developments in engineering science (mechanics, electromagnetics, control, electronics, and other disciplines), enabling hardware (motion devices, power electronics, microelectronics, etc.), advanced technologies (micromachining, materials, etc.), and software. 
        It is unlikely that one can imagine a prosperous life without electric energy and electromechanical systems. Electricity is produced by power plants and energy systems perform energy conversion. For example, synchronous generators convert the mechanical energy of various origins into electrical energy. Piezoelectric materials and devices convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Power plants, piezoelectric devices, and other systems can be referred to as electromechanical or mechatronic systems. We use thousands of highperformance mechatronic systems every day. There are hundreds of electromechanical motion devices in each passenger car. There are numerous mechatronic systems in household appliances such as consumer electronics, computers, sound systems, fans, etc. In a stand-alone computer hard drive, there are two electromechanical systems, in particular, an electric drive with a radial-topology permanent-magnet synchronous motor and a limited-angle axial-topology actuator to properly position a magnetic head. There are many electromechanical motion devices in a CD=DVD player and computer DVD-RW drives, for example, spinning drives, repositioning servo, loading servo, etc.
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Linear Feedback Control Analysis And Design With Matlab By Dingyu Xue YangQuan Chen Derek P Atherton

It is well known that the benefits from the wise use of control engineering are numerous and include improved product/life quality, minimized waste materials, reduced pollution, increased safety, reduced energy consumption etc. One can observe that the notions of feedback and control play important roles in most sociotechnological aspects. The phrase “control will be the physics of the 21st century”1 implies that all engineering students should take an introductory course on systems control.
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Designing With Solar Power By Deo Prasad

PhOiovoltalc IPV) power's potcnual for wide distribution makes It a unique and novel energy source that can be embedded within Ihe fabric of individual buildings. while shifting power generatiOn away from being large.scale and regionally located As a consequence, .:I free. cJean and silent electrical supply can be introduced into cities, lowns and bulll'up areas 
        Bulldlng·lntegrmed ph01ovollillcs rBIPVJ Involves combIning solar ptlotQvollatc electrlchy technologies with those of building construction. This subject Is of grein imerest 10 those In the fields of energy conscrv,llion and building design Ie; significance. however, e<anno! be underestimated In the COntext of Ihc more familiar notion of sustainable development The concept of sustalnability Is more relevant than ever: it Is a dynamic process that enables <III people to realise their potential. and Improve their quallt}' of life In ways which simultaneously protect and enhance the EMth's life,support systems SiP\' addresses these essential aspects 
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Robust Control Design with Matlab By Da Wei Gu

The topics of control engineering and signal processing continue to flourish and develop. In common with general scientific investigation, new ideas, concepts and interpretations emerge quite spontaneously and these are then discussed, used, discarded or subsumed into the prevailing subject paradigm. Sometimes these innovative concepts coalesce into a new sub-discipline within the broad subject tapestry of control and signal processing. This preliminary battle between old and new usually takes place at conferences, through the Internet and in the journals of the discipline. After a little more maturity has been acquired by the new concepts then archival publication as a scientific or engineering monograph may occur. 
          A new concept in control and signal processing is known to have arrived when sufficient material has evolved for the topic to be taught as a specialised tutorial workshop or as a course to undergraduate, graduate or industrial engineers. Advanced Textbooks in Control and Signal Processing are designed as a vehicle for the systematic presentation of course material for both popular and innovative topics in the discipline. It is hoped that prospective authors will welcome the opportunity to publish a structured and systematic presentation of some of the newer emerging control and signal processing technologies in the textbook series. 
         It is always interesting to look back at how a particular field of control systems theory developed. The impetus for change and realization that a new era in a subject is dawning always seems to be associated with short, sharp papers that make the academic community think again about the prevalent theoretical paradigm. In the case of the evolution of robust control theory, the conference papers of Zames (circa. 1980) on robustness and the very short paper of Doyle on the robustness of linear quadratic Gaussian control systems seem to stand as landmarks intimating that control theory was going to change direction again. And the change did come; all through the 1980s came a steady stream of papers rewriting control theory, introducing system uncertainty, Hf robust control and µ- synthesis as part of a new control paradigm. 
         Change, however did not come easily to the industrial applications community because the new theories and methods were highly mathematical. In the early stages even the classical feedback diagram which so often opened control engineering courses was replaced by a less intuitively obvious diagram. Also it was difficult to see the benefits to be gained from the new development. Throughout the 1990s the robust control theory and methods consolidated and the first major textbooks and software toolboxes began to appear. Experience with some widely disseminated benchmark problems such as control design for distillation columns, the control design for hard-disk drives, and the invertedpendulum control problem helped the industrial community see how to apply the new method and the control benefits that accrued. 
        This advanced course textbook on robust control system design using MATLAB® by Da-Wei Gu, Petko Petkov and Mihail Konstantinov has arrived at a very opportune time. More than twenty years of academic activity in the robust control field forms the bedrock on which this course book and its set of insightful applications examples are developed. Part I of the volume presents the theory – a systematic presentation of: systems notation, uncertainty modelling, robust design specification, the Hf design method, Hf loop shaping, µ-analysis and synthesis and finally the algorithms for providing the low-order controllers that will be implemented. This is a valuable and concise presentation of all the necessary theoretical concepts prior to their application which is covered in Part II. 
        Inspired by the adage “practice makes perfect”, Part II of the volume comprises six fully worked-out extended examples. To learn how to apply the complex method of Hf design and µ-synthesis there can be no surer route than to work through a set of carefully scripted examples. In this volume, the examples range from the academic mass-damper-spring system through to the industrially relevant control of a distillation column and a flexible manipulator system. The benchmark example of the ubiquitous hard-disk drive control system is also among the examples described. The MATLAB® tools of the Robust Control Toolbox, the Control System Toolbox and Simulink® are used in these application examples. The CD-ROM contains all the necessary files and instructions together with a pdf containing colour reproductions of many of the figures in the book. 
        In summary, after academic development of twenty years or so, the robust control paradigm is now fully fledged and forms a vital component of advanced control engineering courses. This new volume in our series of advanced control and signal processing course textbooks on applying the methods of Hf and µ- synthesis control design will be welcomed by postgraduate students, lecturers and industrial control engineers alike.  
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